tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43991871790120957322024-03-13T20:09:39.587-07:00gede.pradnyana's noteAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-47620184427356761112014-06-12T04:54:00.004-07:002014-06-12T04:56:13.862-07:00SISTEM PENCERNAAN : Saluran dan Kelenjar Pencernaan<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Pengertian
Sistem Pencernaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL9PM493Kan9fU6IofU-oE0hpiBOTfdiCdSkFig1WSJqyoO12NYvP-zd0M4Yi5RlKGfvDhLm4aCX-HkI7wXqDMKeBcwpg-4PwOPjs-SWCrfoWjzTLWsG6mB6BpqXhfRXYBH4oNlCe3_J_W/s1600/pencernaan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL9PM493Kan9fU6IofU-oE0hpiBOTfdiCdSkFig1WSJqyoO12NYvP-zd0M4Yi5RlKGfvDhLm4aCX-HkI7wXqDMKeBcwpg-4PwOPjs-SWCrfoWjzTLWsG6mB6BpqXhfRXYBH4oNlCe3_J_W/s1600/pencernaan.jpg" height="320" width="243" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sistem pencernaan</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Inggris</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN" style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">digestive system</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">) adalah sistem<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ" title="Organ"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organ</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hewan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">multisel yang menerima<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan" title="Makanan"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">makanan</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, mencernanya menjadi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">energi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dan nutrien, serta mengeluarkan sisa proses tersebut melalui
dubur. Sistem pencernaan antara satu hewan dengan yang lainnya bisa sangat jauh
berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Proses mencerna makanan dapat
dilakukan secara kimiawi dan secara mekanik. Pencernaan kimiawi menggunakan enzim
untuk menguraikan makanan. Sedangkan pencernaan secara mekanik memecah makanan
menjadi partikel yang lebih kecil secara fisik tanpa melibatkan enzim.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Saluran
Pencernaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Saluran pencernaan merupakan saluran yang kontinyu berupa
tabung yang dikelilingi otot. Saluran pencernaan mencerna makanan, memecah nya
menjadi bagian yang lebih kecil dan menyerap bagian tersebut menuju pembuluh
darah. Organ-organ yang termasuk di dalam nya adalah : mulut,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faring" title="Faring"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">faring</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esofagus" title="Esofagus"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">esofagus</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambung" title="Lambung"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lambung</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, usus halus serta usus besar. Dari usus besar makanan akan
dibuang keluar tubuh melalui<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus" title="Anus"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anus</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Adapun penjelasan dari organ-organ tersebut adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Rongga Mulut</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoIskCvP-iFKCopPzNa6tUFIFjnBRQCpg52PJZ4bRJDBH1lFcHxsiGiT1P0KVst58HbXJ4FAn2bb3TrXgwEszVAMv0k77uxk1WwdIQijSygF_XrBrC55MX9SZ60FjnvgfmmO2-Eokiuuqz/s1600/bagian-bagian-mulut1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoIskCvP-iFKCopPzNa6tUFIFjnBRQCpg52PJZ4bRJDBH1lFcHxsiGiT1P0KVst58HbXJ4FAn2bb3TrXgwEszVAMv0k77uxk1WwdIQijSygF_XrBrC55MX9SZ60FjnvgfmmO2-Eokiuuqz/s1600/bagian-bagian-mulut1.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Di dalam rongga mulut terjadi pencernaan makanan secara
mekanik dan kimiawi. Perncernaan makanan secara mekanik dilakukan oleh gigi dan
lidah. Sedangkan pencernaan makanan secara kimiawi dilakukan oleh enzim
ptialin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Gigi<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Gigi mempunyai berbagai macam
bentuk sesuai dengan fungsinya masing-masing. Terdapat gigi seri ( insisivus )
yang berfungsi untuk memotong makanan, gigi taring ( caninus ) untuk mengoyak
makanan, gigi geraham depan ( premolar ) untuk mengunyah, dan gigi geraham
belakang ( molar ) untuk mengunyah makanan hingga halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Adapun bagian-bagian gigi adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Mahkota gigi : Bagian ini dilapisi
oleh lapisan email dan didalamnya terdapat dentin ( tulang gigi )<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Leher ( kolum )<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Akar gigi ( radix )<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Pada
anak-anak tumbuh gigi susu yang bersifat sementara. Gigi susu berjumlah sekitar
20 buah. Gigi susu ini kemudian tanggal dan digantikan oleh gigi dewasa yang
berjumlah 32 buah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Lidah<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXVU6yz9ce3X1N0LLFbuEDYsR36G78TE1xgoVWEiB6HRXzAKjI84JK8BYm6K0-l0SJVulAh_kwO3EwV4_acgsR9FkxWurszlc4iBJPGkNo9aAzXK7piaemNYlHOFymxsPiM5Df-Vd2n5gP/s1600/lidah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXVU6yz9ce3X1N0LLFbuEDYsR36G78TE1xgoVWEiB6HRXzAKjI84JK8BYm6K0-l0SJVulAh_kwO3EwV4_acgsR9FkxWurszlc4iBJPGkNo9aAzXK7piaemNYlHOFymxsPiM5Df-Vd2n5gP/s1600/lidah.jpg" height="258" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Lidah berfungsi sebagai alap
pengecap, membantu dalam menelan makanan, membersihkan mulut, membantu
bersuara, dan mengaduk makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Bagian-bagian lidah dapat mengecap
rasa tertentu, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Bagian ujung lidah mengecap rasa
manis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Bagian pangkal lidah mengecap rasa
pahit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Bagian samping tengah lidah
mengecap rasa masam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Bagian samping depan lidah mengecap
rasa asin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Kelenjar ludah<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Kelenjar ludah berjumlah tiga
pasang, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Glandula parotis : menghasilkan
serosa (air).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Glandula submaksilaris : menghasilkan
air dan lendir.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Glandula sublingualis :
menghasilkan air dan lendir dan mengandung enzim ptialin.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kerongkongan ( esophagus )</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kerongkongan adalah saluran yang memiliki panjang sekitar 25
cm yang menghubungkan rongga mulut dengan lambung. Kerongkongan berfungsi untuk
mendorong makanan ke lambung. Pada kerongkongan terdapat gerak peristaltic (
gerak mendorong makanan menuju lambung ).</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lambung</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7thqCtYXWXVnKSDOnESA-YkOyCFmkt2hHU7WNVIwhNu6n6_xanRNXEsZZrft7TBquz0LymC7fIr8CSUPmSEWuXxrzoFXS_ETgxLuQDOTJBIPC1F1kuE91SJxbEIcSZkO_LAe1O7cD74WQ/s1600/lambung.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7thqCtYXWXVnKSDOnESA-YkOyCFmkt2hHU7WNVIwhNu6n6_xanRNXEsZZrft7TBquz0LymC7fIr8CSUPmSEWuXxrzoFXS_ETgxLuQDOTJBIPC1F1kuE91SJxbEIcSZkO_LAe1O7cD74WQ/s1600/lambung.jpg" height="283" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lambung adalah organ pencernaan yang terletak di bawah sekat
rongga badan. Lambung terdiri dari 3 bagian, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kardiak</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> : yaitu bagian atas lambung, tempat masuk makanan dari
kerongkongan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fundus </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: bagian tengah lambung, bentuknya membulat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pilorus </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: merupakan bagian bawah lambung dan dekat dengan bagian usus
halus atau duodenum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pada lambung, makanan dicerna secara mekanik dan kimiawi.
Pencernaan mekanik melalui pergerakan otot dinding lambung. Sedangkan
pencernaan secara kimiawi dilakukan dengan bantuan enzim-enzim. Adapun enzim
yang dihasilkan di lambung adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Asam klorida ( HCl ) :</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> berfungsi untuk membunuh kuman penyebab penyakit,
mengaktifkan pepsim, dan merangsang sekresi getah lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pepsin :</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> berfungsi untuk menghidrolisis molekul-molekul protein
menjadi molekul-molekul peptide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Renin :</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> berfungsi untuk mengubah kaseinogen menjadi kasein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Antara lambung dengan usus halus terdapat klep yang disebut
pylorus yang berfungsi mengatur makanan dari lambung ke duodenum. Bagian yang
dekat dengan lambung akan membuka bila terkena asam dan menutup bila terkena
basa. Sebaliknya, bagian yang dekat dengan usus halus akan membuka bila terkena
basa dan menutup bila terkena asam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hati</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg792QSxUmuYLxOFbe9rY7cFrqo77OLh9I19QucUrojefYfU4ihl-DBkPW5KVv9RK7JqX_Gfw-y35oTj89PpUIn8TjBArV1q4qYxMCtIzGCawj30Y8xEZ7-qtvxuN_aW02mb3nGn5J0EvRy/s1600/anatomi_hati.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg792QSxUmuYLxOFbe9rY7cFrqo77OLh9I19QucUrojefYfU4ihl-DBkPW5KVv9RK7JqX_Gfw-y35oTj89PpUIn8TjBArV1q4qYxMCtIzGCawj30Y8xEZ7-qtvxuN_aW02mb3nGn5J0EvRy/s1600/anatomi_hati.jpg" height="236" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hati</span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"> merupakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelenjar" title="Kelenjar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kelenjar</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"> terbesar
di dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuh" title="Tubuh"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tubuh</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">,
terletak dalam rongga </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perut" title="Perut"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perut</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"> sebelah kanan, tepatnya di
bawah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragma" title="Diafragma"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diafragma</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">. Berdasarkan fungsinya, hati juga
termasuk sebagai alat ekskresi. Hal ini dikarenakan hati membantu fungsi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ginjal</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"> dengan
cara memecah beberapa senyawa yang bersifat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racun" title="Racun"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">racun</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"> dan
menghasilkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">amonia</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea" title="Urea"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">urea</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">,
dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_urat" title="Asam urat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam urat</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"> dengan memanfaatkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nitrogen</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"> dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam amino</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">.
Proses pemecahan senyawa racun oleh hati disebut proses </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoksifikasi" title="Detoksifikasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">detoksifikasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">. Organ hati mempunyai berat kira-kira 1,5 kg atau
2,5% berat badan pada orang dewasa normal. Hati memegang peranan penting dalam
system pencernaan antara lain sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Memproduksi cairan empedu yang
digunakan untuk mengemulsikan lemak.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Pusat metabolism protein, lemak,
dan karbohidrat.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Tempat penyimpanan berbagai zat (
seperti mineral Cu dan Fe, vitamin A, D, E, K, B12, glikogen, dan berbagai
racun yang yang tidak dapat dikeluarkan tubuh.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Pusat detoksifikasi zat beracun di
dalam tubuh.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Memproduksi protein plasma.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Fagositosis mikroorganisme,
eritrosit dan leukosit yang sudah tua atau rusak.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Pankreas<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsEMNy_3w7N5QFDFm-Am7SP68lYPVN-qbqke6_Rx_sTz1x1Tg1Z4lQ48p081cNnZBUVsKeT6Tn-WsEFBK2K1hJjmE6DAoGzyOCvWHqz76OCnvnwEqfrz7_a8Z1fHBZUBioA3BIVDEQrRIC/s1600/Fungsi+Pankreas+Dalam+Tubuh+Manusia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsEMNy_3w7N5QFDFm-Am7SP68lYPVN-qbqke6_Rx_sTz1x1Tg1Z4lQ48p081cNnZBUVsKeT6Tn-WsEFBK2K1hJjmE6DAoGzyOCvWHqz76OCnvnwEqfrz7_a8Z1fHBZUBioA3BIVDEQrRIC/s1600/Fungsi+Pankreas+Dalam+Tubuh+Manusia.jpg" height="280" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pankreas</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organ</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aksesoris
pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pencernaan" title="Sistem pencernaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem pencernaan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
memiliki dua fungsi utama, yaitu menghasilkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzim</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencernaan" title="Pencernaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pencernaan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau
fungsi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eksokrin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Eksokrin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">eksokrin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">serta
menghasilkan beberapa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hormon</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau
fungsi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokrin" title="Endokrin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">endokrin</span></a><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Pankreas terletak pada kuadran kiri atas<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">abdomen</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau
perut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan bagian kaput/kepalanya
menempel pada organ duodenum. Produk enzim akan disalurkan dari pankreas ke<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">duodenum</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">melalui<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluran_pankreas" title="Saluran pankreas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saluran pankreas</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">utama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
fungsi dari pankreas adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Mengatur
kadar gula dalam darah melalui pengeluaran glucogen, yang menambah kadar gula
dalam darah dengan mempercepat tingkat pelepasan dari hati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Pengurangan
kadar gula dalam darah dengan mengeluarkan insulin yang mana mempercepat aliran
glukosa ke dalam sel pada tubuh, terutama otot. Insulin juga merangsang hati
untuk mengubah glukosa menjadi glikogen dan menyimpannya di dalam sel-selnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Usus Halus</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIp4OaBZTV9ewfJDOcwE4jXghk91EGI5yg4XMiSa4NeYO-nJnAEO_h_r4wjwir4F1LQWJakklmWPNJy-Etc70AcYme_jR-wxteiglnrBlsSohFojQdwxIpI9oDaumEB14IsOOaZ7xLY6rw/s1600/usus-halus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIp4OaBZTV9ewfJDOcwE4jXghk91EGI5yg4XMiSa4NeYO-nJnAEO_h_r4wjwir4F1LQWJakklmWPNJy-Etc70AcYme_jR-wxteiglnrBlsSohFojQdwxIpI9oDaumEB14IsOOaZ7xLY6rw/s1600/usus-halus.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Usus halus merupakan saluran
pencernaan terpanjang dalam system pencernaan manusia. Usus halus mempunyai
panjang kurang lebih 8,25 m dan terdiri dari tiga bagian, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Usus
duabelas jari ( duodenum )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Makanan dari lambung bersifat asam,
kemudian masuk ke usus duabelas jari. Sifat asam ini akan merangsang dinding
usus untuk menyekresikan hormone berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Hormon sekretin, yang berfungsi
untuk merangsang getah pancreas yang terdiri dari enzim :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Tripsin, berfungsi untuk mengubah
protein menjadi asam amino<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 104.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Amylase, berfungsi mengubah
karbohidrat/amilum menjadi gula monosakarida.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 104.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Lipase, berfungsi mengubah lemak
menjadi asam lemak dan gliserol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Hormon kolesistokinin yang berfugsi
untuk merangsang empedu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Usus
kosong ( jejenum )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Dinding jejenum mempunyai kelenjar <b>liberkuhn </b>yang dapat mengeuarkan getah
usus antara lain sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Erepsinogen, berfungsi untuk
memecah dipeptide menjadi asam amino.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Sakrase, berfungsi untuk memecah
sukrosa menjadi glukosa dan fruktosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Maltase, berfungsi untuk memecah
maltose menjadi dua molekul glukosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Lactase, berfungsi memecah laktosa
menjadi glukosa dan galaktosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Lipase, berfungsi mengubah lemak
menjadi asam lemak dan gliserol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Usus
penyerapan ( ileum )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Ileum mempunyai panjang sekitar 1
meter. Struktur ileum terdiri dari 2 bagian, yaitu dinding usus halus dan getah
usus halus. Dinding usus halus dibagi menjadi 4 bagian yaitu lapisan luar,
lapisan dinding berotot, dinding submukosa, dan dinding mukosa dalam. Di dalam usus
penyerapan, makanan tidak mengalami pemecahan lagi, melainkan langsung diserap
oleh dinding usus masuk peredaran darah yang kemudian dapat digunakan untuk
proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Mekanisme penyerapannya adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Glukosa diserap oleh dinding usus
masuk ke dalam darah. Di dalam darah glukosa diubah dalam bentuk glikogen oleh
hormone insulin yang kemudian disimpan di dalam otot dan hati. Apabila tubuh
memerlukan glukosa, maka glikogen dapat diubah kembali oleh hormone adrenalin menjadi
glukosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Protein diserap oleh dinding usus
dalam bentuk asam amino, yang kemudian menuju darah dan diedarkan ke seluruh
tubuh. Di dalam hati, asam amino dipecah sehingga menghasilkan amoniak yang
kemudian bereaksi dengan asam amino ornitin dan CO<sub>2</sub> membentuk asam
amino sitrulin. Selanjutnya, bereaksi dengan amoniak membentuk arginine dan
terakhir akan diubah menjadi asam amino arnitin dan ureum. Ureum merupakan zat
sisa yang kemudian dibuang melalui urin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Lemak diserap oleh usus dalam
bentuk asam lemak dan gliserol. Gliserol akan langsung diserap dan masuk dalam
proses katabolisme, tetapi asam lemak masih bereaksi dengan garam empedu dan
garam karbonat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Usus Besar</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVhyphenhyphendj-Bj07CRVL0NB4zMziyEgUi5-1KyDwAjvYOvXgmdiAxnyvx_bwdNmvPAc9b2iaZ8pNW9OmDLAMFPKUJwv6TwByxnaBwymNHbakxOHux6l7Scu1xL9gzD9vrt1kM7RQ-HGvYNV7fhq/s1600/u8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVhyphenhyphendj-Bj07CRVL0NB4zMziyEgUi5-1KyDwAjvYOvXgmdiAxnyvx_bwdNmvPAc9b2iaZ8pNW9OmDLAMFPKUJwv6TwByxnaBwymNHbakxOHux6l7Scu1xL9gzD9vrt1kM7RQ-HGvYNV7fhq/s1600/u8.png" height="245" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Usus besar dibagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu kolon dan rectum. Di
dalam usus besar terjadi penyerapan air dan pembusukan sisa pencernaan oleh
bakteri <i>Escherichia coli</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Usus besar berfungsi untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adsorpsi air, garam, dan glukosa.</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sekresi musin oleh kelenjar lapisan dalam.</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Penyiapan selulosa yang berupa hidrat karbon di dalam
tumbuh-tumbuhan, buah, dan sayuran hijau.</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Defekasi.</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Anus</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Anus berfungsi sebagai saluran pembuangan feses dari dalam
tubuh.</span><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Kelenjar
Pencernaan dan Enzim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Kelenjar
Pencernaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Glandula salivales ( kelenjar air
liur ), terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Glandula parotis, menghasilkan
ludah yang berbentu air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Glandula submaksilaris,
menghasilkan getah yang mengandung air dan lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Glandula sublingualis, menghasilkan
getah yang mengandung air dan lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Kelenjar lambung, menghasilkan
getah lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Hati, menghasilkan empedu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Pancreas, menghasilkan getah
pancreas yang bersifat basa dn mengakibatkan pylorus menutup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Kelenjar epitel usus, menghasilkan
getah usus yang berfungsi menyempurnakan proses pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Enzim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Enzim merupakan suatu
biokatalisator yang terdiri atas protein yang berfungsi untuk mempercepat
metabolihme dalam tubuh. Adapun sifat-sifat enzim adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Sebagai katalisator dengan cara
menurunkan energy aktivasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Merupakan suatu protein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Bekerja secara spesifik ( hanya
pada substrat tertentu ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Dapat bekerja secara bolak-balik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Bekerja optimal pada suhu dan pH
tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "OCR-A BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "OCR-A BT";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "OCR-A BT","sans-serif";">Dibutuhkan dalam jumlah tertentu
tergantung banyaknya substrat.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sumber :<br />
1. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pencernaan<br />
2. Modul Biologi kelas XI</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-9246201107069435182014-06-10T21:09:00.001-07:002014-06-10T21:09:24.077-07:00Unsur Intrinsik Puisi Pada Suatu Hari Nanti<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PADA
SUATU HARI NANTI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
suatu hari nanti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jasadku
tak akan ada lagi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tapi
dalam bait-bait sajak ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kau
takkan kurelakan sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada suatu hari nanti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suaraku tak terdengar lagi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tapi diantara larik-larik sajak ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kau akan tetap kusiasati<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
suatu hari nanti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Impianku
pun tak dikenal lagi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Namun
di sela-sela huruf sajak ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kau
takkan letih-letihnya kucari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur-unsur
puisi diatas adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -137.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tema : Perasaan cinta dan kesetiaan dari seseorang
kepada orang yang dicintainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -137.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amanat : 1) Berusahalah untuk selalu setia kepada orang yang kita cintai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2)
Cintailah orang yang kita cintai sampai akhir hayat kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3)
Berusahalah dengan gigih dan jangan pernah menyerah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -137.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemilihan
kata : Kurang maksimal, karena hanya berpedoman pada satu/beberapa kata,
seperti “Pada suatu hari nanti.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -137.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penggunaan
majas : Puisi diatas tidak menggunakan majas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -137.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nada
dan perasaan : Nada sedih dengan suasana khusyuk, dan menyiratkan sebuah
optimism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -137.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makna
konotasi : Jasadku, suaraku, dan impianku = keberadaan penyair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tak
akan ada lagi, tak terdengar lagi, tak dikenali = mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bait-bait
sajak, larik-larik, dan huruf-huruf = kehidupan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Letih-letihnya
= putus asa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -137.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makna
denotasi : 1) Pada suatu hari nanti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2)
Kau takkan kurelakan sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3)
Kau akan tetap kusiasati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 5.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4)
Kau takkan letih-letihnya kucari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-27638637546939227942014-06-05T21:54:00.001-07:002014-06-05T21:55:15.987-07:00Pengertian, Fungsi, dan Struktur Daun<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun
merupakan bagian tumbuhan yang timbuh dari batang. daun umumnya berbentuk tipis
dan berwarna hijau. Warna hijau tersebut disebabkan adanya klorofil pada daun.
Namun, ada juga daun yang berwarna kuning, merah atau ungu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi daun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daun mempunyai
fungsi sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai tempat fotossintesis, transpirasi ( penguapan ), dan
gutasi ( penetesan air )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai tempat pertukaran O<sub>2</sub> dengan CO<sub>2</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai alat perkembangbiakan vegetative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai tempat menyimpan cadangan makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Morfologi daun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwcqGid3sQCBWKkmF49JBMZkXnWCNHph_lP6l0UF0v8Y6VfbEAF6Ln3Y-wEsswJDccredu1uKq8GRweMcMHyggyKxC-FxXIHDmAWMF-9yNfK5v2_hTlhLSOxusZCbK6o7Z4efn2Jnat6mU/s1600/daun.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwcqGid3sQCBWKkmF49JBMZkXnWCNHph_lP6l0UF0v8Y6VfbEAF6Ln3Y-wEsswJDccredu1uKq8GRweMcMHyggyKxC-FxXIHDmAWMF-9yNfK5v2_hTlhLSOxusZCbK6o7Z4efn2Jnat6mU/s1600/daun.jpeg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian-bagian daun lengkap terdiri atas tulang daun, helai daun, tangkai daun,
dan pelepah daun. Contoh daun yang memiliki bagian-bagian lengkap, antara lain
daun pisang dan daun bambu. Di alam, kebanyakan tumbuhan memiliki daun yang
tidak lengkap. Misalnya, ada daun yang hanya terdiri atas tangkai dan helai
daun saja, contohnya daun mangga; ada pula daun yang hanya terdiri atas pelepah
dan helai daun saja, contohnya daun padi dan jagung. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain itu, daun juga memiliki urat. <b>Urat daun</b> adalah susunan
pembuluh pengangkut pada daun. Tumbuhan <b>monokotil </b>memiliki urat daun
yang memanjang dari pangkal ke ujung daun secara sejajar. Tumbuhan <b>dikotil</b>
memiliki urat daun yang membentuk jaringan. Urat daun tersebut bercabang-cabang
hingga menjadi percabangan kecil dan membentuk susunan seperti jaring atau
jala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anatomi daun</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkTCB19tTI1OPVsapzrojlv60uGiHj5Fzpi2iOAP-YPzRXdwnR1q2HD3H33WpXqFmWsop7Wsvp9OjGSzOEOI-TitArQnsHl3uj3YC6YJF24WvtRIvm39crT7RXGBBYiEsHWkNbPAf_x3co/s1600/images+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkTCB19tTI1OPVsapzrojlv60uGiHj5Fzpi2iOAP-YPzRXdwnR1q2HD3H33WpXqFmWsop7Wsvp9OjGSzOEOI-TitArQnsHl3uj3YC6YJF24WvtRIvm39crT7RXGBBYiEsHWkNbPAf_x3co/s1600/images+(1).jpg" height="166" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan epidermis</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dibedakan menjadi <b>epidermis atas</b>
dan <b>epidermis bawah</b>. Epidermis atas dan epidermis bawah terdiri atas
selapis sel, hanya pada epidermis bawah terdapat <b>stomata,</b> yang berfungsi
sebagai tempat pertukaran udara. Permukaan epidermis sering dilapisi oleh <b>kultikula</b>
atau <b>rambut halus (pilus)</b>, untuk melindungi daun dari serangga pemangsa,
spora jamur atau tetesan air hujan. Jadi epidermis berfungsi untuk melindungi
jaringan di bawahnya,</span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan Palisade</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau <b>jaringan tiang</b>, adalah
jaringan yang berfungsi sebagai tempat <b>fotosintesis</b>. oleh karena itu,
bagian ini banyak mengandung <b>kloroplas</b>.</span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan spons</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau<b> jaringan bunga karang</b>. Jaringan ini terdiri
dari sel yang berlapis-lapis, terdapat rongga-rongga udara, sedikit mengandung
kloroplas, dan berfungsi sebagai tempat menyimpan cadangan makanan.</span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkas pembuluh angkut</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang terdiri dari <b>xilem</b> atau <b>pembuluh
kayu</b> dan <b>floem</b> atau <b>pembuluh tapis</b>. Xilem berfungsi untuk
mengangkut air dan garam-garaman yang diserap akar dari dalam tanah ke daun
(untuk digunakan sebagai bahan fotosintesis). Sedangkan floem berfungsi untuk
mengangkut hasil fotosintesis ke seluruh tubuh.</span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stoma</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (jamak <b>Stomata</b>) berfungsi sebagai <b>organ
respirasi</b>. Stoma mengambil <b>karbon dioksida</b> dari udara untuk
dijadikan bahan fotosintesis. Kemudian stoma akan mengeluarkan <b>oksigen</b>
sebagai hasil fotosintesis. Selain stoma, tumbuhan tingkat tinggi juga bernapas
melalui<b> lentisel</b>, yang terletak pada batang.</span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-jenis daun</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daun dapat
dibedakan berdasarkan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Nyala; mso-fareast-font-family: Nyala;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk daun
berdasarkan tepi daun (rata, bergerigi)</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Nyala; mso-fareast-font-family: Nyala;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun berdasarkan
jumlah anak daun dalam satu tangkai.</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dibedakan
menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun tunggal </span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun tunggal</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah daun yang memiliki satu helai daun di setiap
tangkainya. </span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian dari batang yang menjadi tempat duduknya daun disebut
nodus, dan sudut atas antara daun dan batang disebut ketiak daun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun tunggal dapat mempunyai bagian-bagian daun yang berbeda
antara golongan tumbuhan satu dengan yang lain. Daun yang mempunyai bagian
pelepah atau upih daun <b>(Vagina),</b> tangkai daun <b>(petiolus)</b> dan
helaian daun <b>(lamina)</b> disebut daun lengkap. Sedangkan daun yang tidak
lengkap adalah daun yang hanya mempunyai sebagian dari daun lengkap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Yang termasuk Daun yang tidak lengkap:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun bertingkai</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
adalah daun yang hanya mempunyai tangkai dan helaian daun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun duduk</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
adalah daun yang hanya terdiri dari helaian daun saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun berupih</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
adalah daun yang hanya mempunyai upih daun dan helaian daun. contohnya : daun
rumput-rumputan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun yang terdiri dari tangkai saja,
biasanya daun yang seperti ini melebar menyerupai helaian daun dan disebut <b>phyllodia</b>.
contohnya: daun <i>Oxalis bupleurifolis</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun Majemuk (Folium
Coposiyum)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYlmDPjC_AEjpgSzegJQY58w-IIqKaKuwGuamFmdlmErNLoOc9-EY4yKJWrZ0GM9weV-N1sbl3W2oh0SgxdRaVj-JzzAbJO859I4xOHwt2U8aghUVHSR0g98pOU1H7G-QkpAxoyjhDsk4J/s1600/Mimosa_microphylla_leaf1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYlmDPjC_AEjpgSzegJQY58w-IIqKaKuwGuamFmdlmErNLoOc9-EY4yKJWrZ0GM9weV-N1sbl3W2oh0SgxdRaVj-JzzAbJO859I4xOHwt2U8aghUVHSR0g98pOU1H7G-QkpAxoyjhDsk4J/s1600/Mimosa_microphylla_leaf1.jpg" height="320" width="233" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun majemuk</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">daun yang memiliki beberapa helai daun di setiap
tangkainya, </span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu jika pada tumbuhan tersebut, tangkainya terlihat
bercabang cabang , dan baru pada cabang tangkai ini terdapat helaian daunnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu daun majemuk dapat dipandang berasal dari suatu daun
tunggal, yang torehnya sedemikian dalamnya, sehingga bagian daun diantara
toreh-toreh itu terpisah satu sama lain, dan masing-masing merupakan suatu
helaian kecil yang tersendiri.<br />
<br />
Bagian-bagian daun majemuk dapat dibedakan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibu tangkai daun (potiolus
communis)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu bagian daun majemuk yang menjadi tempat duduknya
helaian-helaian daun, yang masing-masing disebut <b>anak daun (foliolum)</b>.
Ibu tangkai daun ini dapat dipandang sebagai penjelmaan tangkai daun tunggal,
ditambah dengan ibu tulangnya, oleh sebab itu kuncup ketiak pada tumbuhan yang
mempunyai daun majemuk, letaknya juga diatas pangkal ibu tangkai pada batang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tangkai anak daun (petiololus)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
yaitu cabang-cabang ibu tangkai yang mendukung anak daun. Bagian ini dapat
dianggap sebagai penjelmaan pangkal suatu tulang cabang pada daun tunggal. Oleh
sebab itu, di dalam ketiaknya tidak pernah diketemukan sebuah kuncup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak daun (foliolum)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Bagian ini sesungguhnya adalah bagian helaian daun yang karena dalam dan
besarnya toreh, menjadi terpisah-pisah. Anak daun pada suatu daun majemuk
lazimnya mempunyai tangkai yang pendek atau hampir duduk pada ibu tangkai,
misalnya pada <b>daun selderi (Apium graveolens L.)</b>. Adakalanya anak daun
mempunyai tangkai yang cukup panjang dan jelas kelihatan, misalnya pada <b>daun
mangkokan (Nothoponax scutellarium Merr)</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena daun majemauk dapat dipandang
berasal dari daun tunggal, pada daun majemuk dapat pula kita temukan
bagian-bagian lain, seperti pada daun tunggal, misalnya : <b>Upih Daun
(vagina), </b>yaitu bagian dibawah ibu tangkai yang lebar dan biasanya memeluk
batang, seperti dapat kita lihat pada <b>daun pinang (Area catechu L).</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sama halnya dengan daun tunggal,
pada pangkal ibu tangkai daun mejemuk atau di dekat pangkal ibu tangkai itu,
dapat pula ditemukan sepasang daun penumpu, seperti misalnya <b>pada daun mawar
(Rosa sp.)</b>, yang berupa dua daun kecil melekat pada daun kiri pangkal ibu
tangkai daun , dan pada <b>daun kacang kapri (pisum sativum L.), </b>yang
disini merupakan sepasang daun yang lebar dan ikut serta menunaikan tugas daun
sebagai alat untuk berasimilasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut susunan
anak daun pada ibu tangkainya, daun majemuk dapat dibedakan dalam empat
golongan, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun majemuk menyirip
(pinnatus)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun
majemuk menyirip ialah daun majemuk yang anak daunnya terdapat dikanan kiri ibu
tangkai daun. Jadi tersusun seperti sirip pada ikan. Daun majemuk menyirip
dapat dibedakan lagi menjadi beberapa macam : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun majemuk menyirip beranak
daun satu (unifoliolatus). </span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanpa penyelidikan
yang teliti, daun ini tentu akan disebut sebagai daun tunggal, tetapi di sini
tangkai daun memperlihatkan suatu persendian <b>(articulatio)</b>, jadi helaian
daun tidak langsung terdapat pada ibu tangkai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesungguhnya
pada daun ini, juga terdapat lebih dari satu helaian daun, hanya saja yang
lain-lainnya telah tereduksi, sehingga tinggal satu anak daun saja. Daun yang
demikian ini biasanya kita dapati pada berbagai jenis pohon jeruk, seperti <b>jeruk
besar (citrus maximo Merr.)</b> <b>jeruk nipis (citrus aorantifolia Sw.)</b>,
dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun majemuk menyirip genap (abrupte pinnatus)</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Biasanya disini terdapat sejumlah anak daun yang
berpasang-pasangan dikanan kiri ibu tulang, oleh sebab itu jumlah anak daunnya
biasanya lalu menjadi genap.</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akan tetapi, mengingat pada suatu daun majemuk menyirip,
anak-anak daun tidak selalu berpasang-pasangan, maka untuk menentukan apakah
suatu daun majemuk menyirip genap atau tidak, orang tidak lagi menghitung
jumlah anak daun, tetapi melihat kepada ujung ibu tangkainya.</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika ujung ibu tangkai terputus, artinya pada ujung ibu
tangkai tidak terdapat suatu anak daun, sehingga ujung ibu tangkai bebas. </span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atau
kadang-kadang tertutup oleh suatu pucuk kecil yang mudah runtuh, maka hal itu
berarti bahwa daun yang menyirip genap. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan
keterangan ini jelaslah, bahwa satu daun majemuk menyirip genap mungkin
mempunyai jumlah anak daun yang gasal. Daun majemu menyirip genap antara lain
terdapat pada <b>pohon asam (tamarindus indica L.) </b>yang anak daunnya
berpasang-pasangan, jadi jumlah anak daun benar-benar genap. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun
majemuk menyirip genap, tetapi jumlah anak daunnya gasal dapat kita jumpai
misalnya pada <b>pohon leci (litcichinensis sonn.)</b> dan <b>kepulasan
(Nepphelium mutabile B.)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun majemuk menyirip gasal
(imparipinnatus)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, disini yang menjadi pedoman ialah
ada atau tidaknya satu anak daun yang menutup ujung ibu tangkainya. Ditinjau
dari jumlah anak daunnya akan kita dapati bilangan yang benar-benar gasal, jika
anak daun berpasangan, sedang diujung ibu tangkai, terdapat anak daun yang
tersendiri (biasanya anak daun ini lebih besar daripada yang lainnya ), seperti
dapat dilihat pada <b>daun pacar Cina (Aglaia odorata Lour)</b> dan <b>mawar
(Rosa sp.). </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai
kebalikan daun majemuk menyirip genap yang dapat mempunyai jumlah anak daun
yang gasal. Daun majemuk menyirip gasal dapat pula mempunyai jumlah anak daun
yang genap. Seperti sering kita temukan pada pohon <b>pacar Cina </b>tersebut
diatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain
dari itu, daun majemuk menyirip dapat pula dibedakan menurut duduknya anak-anak
daun pada ibu tangkai, dan juga menurut besar kecilnya anak-anak daun yang
terdapat pada satu ibu tangkai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun Majemuk menyirip dengan
anak daun yang berpasang-pasangan</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu jika
duduknya anak daun pada ibu tangkai berhadap-hadapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyirip berseling</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
jika anak daun pada ibu tangkai duduknya berseling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyirip berselang seling
(interrupte pinnatus)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu jika anak-anak daun pada ibu
tangkai berselang-seling pasangan anak daun yang lebar dengan pasangan anak
daun yang sempit, misalnya pada anak daun tomat (solanum lycopersicum L.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun Majemuk Ganda</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
daun majemuk dapat pula terlihat, bahwa anak daun tidak langsung duduk pada ibu
tangkainya, melainkan pada cabang ibu tangkai tadi. Dalam hal demikian, dan
majemuk lalu dinamakan <b>daun majemuk rangkap </b>atau <b>daun majemuk ganda</b>.
Biasanya hanya daun majemuk menyiriplah yang dapat mempunyai sifat demikian,
oleh sebab itu pula kalau ada daun majemuk ganda, maka biasanya adalah daun
majemuk yang menyirip.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun
majemuk menyirip ganda dapat dibedakan menurut letak anak daun pada cabang
tingkat beberapa dari ibu tangkainya. Dengan demikian daun majemuk menyirip
ganda dapat dibedakan dalam : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">majemuk menyirip ganda dua
(bipinnatus), jika anak daun duduk pada cabang tingkat satu ibu tangkai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">majemuk menyirip ganda tiga
(tripinnatus), jika anak – anak daun duduk pada cabang tingkat dua dari ibu
tangkai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">majemuk menyirip ganda empat, dst<br />
pada umumnya jarang dapat ditemukan daun yang menyirip ganda lebih dari tiga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun menyirip ganda dibedakan lagi dalam : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun menyirip ganda sempurna , yaitu
jika tidak ada satu anak daunpun yang duduk pada ibu tangkai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun menyirip ganda tidak sempurna,
jika masih ada anak daun yang duduk langsung pada ibu tangkainya.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D<b>aun majemuk menjari (palmatus
atau digitatus)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun majemuk menjari ialah daun majemuk yang semua anak
daunnya tersusun memencar pada ujung ibu tangkai seperti letaknya jari-jari
pada tangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenai daun majemuk menjari ini tidak ada hal-hal yang
begitu rumit seperti pada daun majemuk yang menyirip.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan jumlah
anak daunnya, daun majemuk menjari dapat dibedakan seperti berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 5cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beranak daun dua
(bifoliolatus)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pada ujung ibu tangkai terdapat
dua anak daun, misalnya <b>daun nam-nam (cynometra caulifora L.)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 5cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beranak daun tiga
(trifoliolatus)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pada ujung ibu tangkai terdapat
tiga anak daun, misalnya pada <b>pohon para (heveabrasiliensis Mueli)</b><br />
Catatan daun majemuk yang beranak daun tiga, dapat pula kita jumpai pada daun
majemuk yang menyirip, misalnya pada <b>kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis Endl)</b>.
Untuk membedakan apakah majemuknya menyirip atau menjari, harus diteliti benar
mengenai titik pertemuan ketiga tangkai anak daunnya. Jika semua bertemu pada
satu titik (ujung ibu tangkai), berarti menjari, jika tidak, menyirip.
(Bandingkanlah dengan saksama daun para dengan daun kacang panjang)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 5cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beranak daun lima
(quinquefoliolatus)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pada ujung ibu tangkai terdapat
lima anak daun, misalnya <b>daun maman (Gynandropsis pentandra Gaertn)</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 5cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika daun majemuk menjari mempunyai
tujuh anak daun atau lebih, maka dapat dikatakan saja <b>beranak daun banyak
(Polyfoliolatus)</b>, tidak usah lagi dihitung jumlah anak daun yang tepat,
seperti misalnya pada <b>daun randu (Ceiba pentandra Gaerthn)</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 5cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti halnya dengan daun majemuk menyirip, yang
menyiripnya dapat bersifat ganda, maka pada daun majemuk menjari, juga dapat
bersifat ganda, misalnya pada daun majemuk menjari beranak daun tiga ganda dua <b>(biternatus)</b>.
Contoh : <b>Aegopodium </b>dan <b>Aquilegia vulgaris</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun majemuk bangun kaki
(Pedatus)</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun
ini mempunyai susunan seperti daun majemuk menjari, tetapi dua anak daun yang
paling pinggir tidak duduk pada ibu tangkai, melainkan pada tangkai anak daun
yang disampingnya, seperti terdapat pada <b>Arisaema filiforme (Araceae)</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun majemuk campuran</span></b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun
majemuk campuran adalah suatu daun majemuk ganda yang mempunyai cabang –
cabang. Pada ibu tangkai, terdapat anak-anak daun yang tersusun menyirip.
Contoh daun majemuk campuran adalah <b>daun sikejut (Mimosa pudica L.)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 4cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetapi,
jika diteliti benar, ternyata daun sikejut bukanlah merupakan daun majemuk
campuran sejati, tetapi adalah daun majemuk menyirip genap atau ganda dua yang
sempurna. Hanya saja pada daun ini, letak kedua pasang cabang ibu tangkainya,
sedemikian dekat satu sama lain, hingga seakan–akan terdapat empat cabang
tangkai pada ujung ibu tangkai daunnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Nyala; mso-fareast-font-family: Nyala;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun berdasarkan
tulang daun.</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHolecXIAcb6-0uHEmUYDiGWTO5Jfsqo0cEmJSPf7jMI-izKtu9eJ5H55G3QJAMjDcY6GkV6TiFFJcL3IBVf77IqS8uhDsgi3qhiHO6SbnA9gu440vYihUfbHVLtVRfvkGZOCenSnpxnqz/s1600/daun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHolecXIAcb6-0uHEmUYDiGWTO5Jfsqo0cEmJSPf7jMI-izKtu9eJ5H55G3QJAMjDcY6GkV6TiFFJcL3IBVf77IqS8uhDsgi3qhiHO6SbnA9gu440vYihUfbHVLtVRfvkGZOCenSnpxnqz/s1600/daun.jpg" height="292" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
tulang daunnya, daun dibedakan menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Nyala; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Nyala;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulang daun
Menyirip. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulang daun jenis ini memiliki susunan
seperti sirip-sirip ikan, tersusun rapi mulai dari tangkai daun hingga ujung
dari helai daun. Contoh tumbuhan yang memiliki jenis tulang seperti ini adalah
tulang daun jambu, mangga, dan rambutan.</span><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="b._Melengkung."></a><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Nyala; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Nyala;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulang daun
Melengkung.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulang daun melengkung berbentuk
seperti garis-garis melengkung. Tulang daun jenis ini dapat kita temukan pada
berbagai tumbuhan di lingkungan sekitar kita. Misalnya, tulang daun sirih,
gadung, dan genjer.</span><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="c._Menjari."></a><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Nyala; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Nyala;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulang daun
Menjari. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman ini mempunyai satu tulang daun
yang besar dan bentuknya seperti jari-jari tangan manusia. Misalnya, tulang
daun pepaya, jarak, daun singkong, dan kapas.</span><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Nyala; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Nyala;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulang daun
Sejajar. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tulang daun sejajar berbentuk seperti
garis-garis sejajar, mulai dari pangkal daun hingga ujung daun. Tiap-tiap ujung
tulang daun menyatu. </span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biasanya bentuk daunnya
panjang-panjang. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Misalnya,
tulang daun tebu, padi, jagung, alang-alang dan semua jenis rumput-rumputan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Nyala; mso-fareast-font-family: Nyala;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daun berdasarkan
bentuk helaian daun</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk bulat atau bundar : teratai besar.</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk perisai : daun jarak.</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk jorong : daun nangka dan nyamplungan.</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk memanjang :
daun sirkaya dan sirsak.</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk lanset : daun kamboja</span><span style="font-family: Nyala; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-44872372004924481792014-05-31T05:41:00.004-07:002014-05-31T05:41:42.918-07:00MENJADI KAYA DENGAN BLAKBLAKAN<p align="center"><strong>Bagaimana Memilih Peluang Bisnis Yang Menjanjikan?</strong></p>
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<p align="justify">Mengapa pilihan bisnis yang mereka tawarkan merupakan pilihan yang tepat bagi anda untuk memulai sebuah bisnis yang menjanjikan? Tentunya hal ini cukup berasalan, dimana mereka <a href="http://www.tekanini.com/gedepradnyana20" target="blank"></a> memberikan banyak sekali pemahaman dan penjelasan tentang bisnis yang mereka tawarkan.</p>
<p align="justify">Selain penjelasan yang lengkap, keuntungan yang bisa anda dapatkan di tempat ini juga banyak... mulai dari sistem, potensi penghasilan yang besar, produk yang berkualitas, pelatihan, dan masih banyak lagi keuntungan-keuntungan yang lainnya.</p>
<p align="justify">Untuk lebih jelasnya berikut sedikit gambaran yang bisa anda jadikan acuan untuk mencoba peluang yang ditawarkan oleh <a href="http://www.tekanini.com/gedepradnyana20" target="blank">BlakBlakan.com</a>:</p>
<p><strong>* PERTAMA Di Dunia... Sistem Jaringan Yang <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>DIKAWINKAN<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font> Dengan Sistem Affiliasi</strong></p>
<p align="justify">Mungkin anda sudah sering mendengar istilah ini, yaitu peluang bisnis dengan sistem jaringan. Namun untuk sistem yang mereka gunakan berbeda dengan sistem jaringan pada umumnya.</p>
<p align="justify">Dimana sistem yang mereka miliki PERTAMA di dunia, yaitu... <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>PERKAWINAN<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font> antara sistem jaringan dengan sistem affiliasi, sehingga jauh lebih mudah untuk anda jalankan dan jauh lebih banyak mendatangkan keuntungan!</p>
<p><strong>* Bukan <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>Money Game<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font></strong></p>
<p align="justify">Jika kita perhatikan, hampir sebagian besar peluang bisnis yang kita temukan di internet lebih cenderung ke <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>money game<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font>.</p>
<p align="justify">Namun sistem dan peluang bisnis yang mereka tawarkan <a href="http://www.tekanini.com/gedepradnyana20" target="blank"></a> merupakan sistem jaringan yang dikombinasikan dengan sistem affiliasi -- dimana anda bisa memeriksa dengan gamblang terlebih dahulu program bisnis yang mereka tawarkan... sehingga anda tidak perlu khawatir dengan hal tersebut.</p>
<p><strong>* Potensi Penghasilan Yang Tidak Terbatas</strong></p>
<p align="justify">Sebagai sebuah sistem yang unik dan baru satu-satunya, anda mempunyai peluang yang besar untuk mendapatkan penghasilan tanpa batas, sepanjang anda serius menjalankan program yang ada pada <a href="http://www.tekanini.com/gedepradnyana20" target="blank">BlakBlakan.com</a>.</p>
<p align="justify">Dengan sistem yang mereka tawarkan, dan semakin serius anda menjalankan program ini, maka kesempatan untuk mendapatkan <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>passive income<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font> bukan sebatas mimpi, namun bisa benar-benar menjadi kenyataan.</p>
<p><strong>* Bisa Dilakukan Oleh Siapa Saja</strong></p>
<p align="justify">Banyak orang yang beranggapan bahwa untuk menekuni bisnis internet dibutuhkan ketrampilan khusus, seperti pemrograman, design, dan segala <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>tetek-bengek<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font> yang bagi sebagian orang mungkin sangat sulit untuk dipelajari.</p>
<p align="justify">Belum lagi istilah-istilah <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>njlimet<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font> yang juga bikin kita pusing... seperti domain, hosting, server, atau apalah istilahnya.</p>
<p align="justify">Tapi anggapan semacam ini tidak selamanya benar. Mengapa?</p>
<p align="justify">Karena bisnis yang kami perkenalkan kepada anda merupakan bisnis yang mudah dan bisa dilakukan oleh siapa saja, hal ini dikarenakan oleh... hampir semua sistem dan metode yang mereka miliki sudah SERBA OTOMATIS!</p>
<p><strong>* Bisa Dilakukan Kapan Dan Dimana Saja</strong></p>
<p align="justify">Salah satu alasan orang-orang mencoba bisnis internet adalah <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>fleksibilitas<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font>. Hal ini memang benar adanya. Mengapa demikian? Tentunya karena bisnis internet tidak mempunyai ikatan kepada siapapun.</p>
<p align="justify">Hal ini juga berlaku dalam bisnis internet yang <a href="http://www.tekanini.com/gedepradnyana20" target="blank">BlakBlakan.com</a> tawarkan... yang menjadi bos adalah anda sendiri, sehingga anda bebas menentukan waktu, kapan dan dimana anda akan bekerja.</p>
<p align="justify">Namun anda juga harus bisa menyesuaikan <font face="Georgia, Verdana">“</font>fleksibilitas<font face="Georgia, Verdana">”</font> tersebut. Bukan berarti anda bisa bekerja seenaknya, bukan? Dalam menjalankan bisnis internet, anda tetap dituntut untuk bertanggung jawab, serius, dan mempunyai target tersendiri.</p>
<p align="justify">Dari penjelasan diatas, saya kira anda tidak perlu ragu lagi dengan peluang bisnis yang mereka tawarkan, sehingga tidak ada alasan lagi bagi anda untuk menundanya.</p>
<p align="justify">Jadi tunggu apalagi, <a href="http://www.tekanini.com/gedepradnyana20" target="blank"><strong>TEKAN disini untuk bergabung GRATIS dengan komunitas BlakBlakan.com</strong></a>, karena kesuksesan sudah ada didepan mata anda.</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-91003693580257636362014-05-29T23:28:00.001-07:002014-05-29T23:28:38.032-07:00STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI BATANG<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang merupakan organ tumbuhan yang
berfungsi menegakkan tubuh tumbuhan. Batang berfungsi pula menghubungkan bagian
akar dan daun. Pada batang, terdapat tempat munculnya daun yang disebut buku
(nodus). pada setiap buku, terspat daun yang berjumlah satu, dua atau lebih.
Jarak antara buku yang satu dengan buku yang lain disebut internodus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang tersusun atas
jaringan epidermis, korteks batang dan silinder pusat (stele).
Bagian batang sebelah luar dibatasi oleh selapis sel rapat yang memiliki bentuk
yang khas, memiliki sel penjaga, idioblas dan berbagai tipe trikoma, pada tahun
pertama, epidermis batang digantikan oleh lapisan gabus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sifat-sifat batang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian tumbuhan
yang umumnya terdapat di atas tanah.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Arah tumbuh
melawan pusat bumi <i>(geotrop negatif)</i> atau menuju ke cahaya matahari <i>(fototrop)</i>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berbuku dan
beruas sehingga mendukung tumbuhnya daun.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tumbuh terus
pada ujungnya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi batang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menegakkan
tubuh tumbuhan. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menghubungkan
bagian akar dan daun.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Alat
transportasi zat makanan dari akar ke daun dan hasil asimilasi dari daun ke
seluruh tubuh.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Alat
perkembangbiakan vegetative.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tempat
menyimpan cadangan makanan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tempat
tumbuhnya daun, cabang, dan bunga.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Morfologi batang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada
umumnya, batang terletak diatas permukaan tanah. Batang berperan dalam
menyangga daun dan bunga. Salah satu ciri batang adalah terdapatnya buku dan
ruas. Buku merupakan tempat keluarnya daun atau tunas, sedangkan ruas adalah
jarak diantara dua buku. Batang umumnya tidak berwarna hijau kecuali batang
pada tanaman yang umurnya pendek atau ketika batang masih muda.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anatomi batang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang monokotil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4xpFixgZuuHn6lCF_QZ7IEpdlnxsdSUdxA40Lu91jBLFc5hrbaiP_WaFCylrd_HGM7Bd-OxdQtaqt_3zgcBHmxU_eUqtlln3mZ9lwxyM3ksbGF6pM4NEz6HzIQPs562HUIbteISJWEZMt/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4xpFixgZuuHn6lCF_QZ7IEpdlnxsdSUdxA40Lu91jBLFc5hrbaiP_WaFCylrd_HGM7Bd-OxdQtaqt_3zgcBHmxU_eUqtlln3mZ9lwxyM3ksbGF6pM4NEz6HzIQPs562HUIbteISJWEZMt/s1600/images.jpg" height="282" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anatomi batang monokotil sangat
berbeda dengan anatomi batang dikotil. Epidermis tanaman Monokotil memiliki
dining sel yang tebal. Dibagian dalam epidermis batang monokotil, terspat
jaringan tipis, yakni jaringan sklerenkima yang merupakan kulit batang.
Jaringan skelerenkima berperan memperkuat dan melindungi batang monokotil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ikatan pembuluh menyebar pada seluruh
batang monokotil tetapi yang paling banyak terdapat didaerah mendekati kulit
batang. Ikatan pembuluh floem berdampingan dengan xilem dan dikelilingi oleh
seludang sklerenkima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada monokotil, tidak terdapat kambium
sehingga pertumbuhan yang terjadi hanya memanjang. Pembesaran batang sangat
terbatas. Hal ini disebabkan pembesaran batang terjadi melalui pembentukan
rongga oksigen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berbeda dengan batang dikotil,
anatomi atau struktur batang monokotil muda dan monokotil tua memiliki struktur
yang persis sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang dikotil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq7hMHs3KCjHRCUpJ8sJHK8jtxO0BtLA2wZLudpTX90vUEQoVbsmTrHNyYcjgC-tmyIJ7cEQJ0-nzeWdteCoZf-sq-7alWtMYoAhzBviQcTpdj5Pd-sYnE8tjBMAsmKfMzoiAwJUTzGUoA/s1600/Batang-Dikotil-tua.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq7hMHs3KCjHRCUpJ8sJHK8jtxO0BtLA2wZLudpTX90vUEQoVbsmTrHNyYcjgC-tmyIJ7cEQJ0-nzeWdteCoZf-sq-7alWtMYoAhzBviQcTpdj5Pd-sYnE8tjBMAsmKfMzoiAwJUTzGUoA/s1600/Batang-Dikotil-tua.jpg" height="320" width="305" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anatomi
batang tumbuhan dikotil terdiri atas kulit kayu, kayu dan empulur. Empulur
sangat sulit ditemukan pada batang kayu yang sudah tua. Bagian terluar dari
batang tumbuhan dikotil adalah kulit kayu yang terdiri atas jaringan epidermis,
kambium gabus, korteks, dan floem. Felogen dapat ditemukan di bagian bawah
epidermis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada
kulit batang, terdapat bagian yang tidak tertutupi oleh lapisan gabus. Bagian
tersebut inamakan lentisel. lentisel berfungsi sebagai tempat terjadinya
peristiwa penguapan dan pertukaran gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Selain
jaringan epidermis dan gabus, pada batang dijumpai pula jaringan parenkima,
kolenkima, sklerenkima, floem dan xilem. Berkas pembuluh floem letaknya
berdampingan dengan pembuluh xilem. Diantara berkas pembuluh xilem, dan floem,
terdapat kambium pembuluh (kambium vaskular). kambium pembuluh merupakan bagian
yang memisahkan kulit kayu dengan kayu (Xilem).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jika
letak floem dan xilem berdampingan, ikatan pembuluh yang terletak
dinamakan ikatan kolateral. Tipe ikatan kolateral tertutup. pada ikatan
kolateral terbuka terdapat Kambium diantara berkas pembuluh. Adapun ikatan
kolateral tertutup tiak terdapat kambium diantara berkas pembuluh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang
dikotil memiliki struktur khas. Batang dikotil muda dan batang dikotil tua
memiliki struktur yang sedikit berbeda. Kayu tersususn atas trakea. Trakea
merupakan saluran-saluran yangterbentuk oleh sel-sel yang telah mati dan
bagian ujung-ujungnya saling menyambung. Saluran tersebut berfungsi menyalurkan
air dan garam mineral dari akar ke daun. Pada kayu terdapat juga trakeid yang
bentuk selnya memanjang, ujung-ujungnya runcing, dan ukurannya kecil daripada
trakea. Trakeid berfungsi sebagai penyokong atau memperkuat batang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pembelahan
sel kambium vaskular ke arah dalam memebentuk kulit kayu. Aktivitas pembentukan
kayu lebih aktif daripada pembentukan kulit kayu. Aktivitas tersebut
mengakibatkan bagian kayu lebih besar daripada kulit kayu. Hal inilah yang
menyebabkan pada kulit kayu sering terjadi pengelupasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pembentukan
kayu oleh kambium pada musim hujan lebih aktif dan menghasilkan sel-sel yang
lebih besar daripada musim kemarau. Akibatnya, timbul batas perbedaan pada
kedua aktifitas pembentukan kayu, dinamakan lingkaran dalam. Dinegara yang
memiliki 4 musim, stiap tahunnya akan didapatkan 4 batas lingkaran tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Empulur adalah jaringan parinkima
yang berfungsi menyimpan makanan cadangan. Empulur ditemukan pada batang yang
muda. Empulur tidak ditemukan pada batang yang tua karena empulur semakin hilang
sejalan dengan pertambahan diameter batang<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perbedaan batang monokotil dan
dikotil.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Secara morfologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang
monokotil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ruas-ruas
batang terlihat jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang tidak
bercabang-cabang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang dikotil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ruas-ruas
batang tidak terlihat jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang bercabang-cabang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Secara anatomi</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt76ww7_REb6jtF13H46AtR2dtKZiTxfUgs2_OuE5D7zmYIRobdNluDjDN1nAUFt_E6CGO9Zz7AR3vL93_Sa4Sf4hBAzRbCIKy3WuV1y8P7nuTExqFmtqMssfgxAlkROM98LJBvRLj2NUY/s1600/organ-pada-tumbuhan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt76ww7_REb6jtF13H46AtR2dtKZiTxfUgs2_OuE5D7zmYIRobdNluDjDN1nAUFt_E6CGO9Zz7AR3vL93_Sa4Sf4hBAzRbCIKy3WuV1y8P7nuTExqFmtqMssfgxAlkROM98LJBvRLj2NUY/s1600/organ-pada-tumbuhan.jpg" height="205" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang
monokotil<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pembuluh angkut (xilem-floem) tersebar. </span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tidak </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> punya
jari-jari empulur.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tidak ada
kambium vaskular sehingga tidak dapat membesar.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Empulur tidak
dapat dibedakan di daerah korteks.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">E<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">pidermis terdiri dari satu lapis sel.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batas antarakorteks dan stele umumnya tidak jelas.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada stele monokotil terdapat ikatan pembuluh yang menyebar dan
bertipe kolateral tertutup yang artinya di antara</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">xilem dan floem tidak ditemukan kambium.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang dikotil<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pembuluh angkut teratur.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Punya jari-jari empulur.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">M</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">empunyai
kambium vaskular sehingga dapat membesar.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dapat dibedakan
antaradaerah korteks dan empulur.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ada kambium di
antara xilem dan floem.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tersusun atas
epidermis yang berkutikula dan kadangterdapat stomata.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sistem jaringan
dasar berupa korteks dan empulur.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sistem berkas
pembuluh yang terdiri atas xilem dan floem yang tersusun melingkar dan dibatasi
cambium ( kolateral terbuka ). <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jenis-jenis batang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berdasarkan
bentuknya, batang tumbuhan dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Batang merumput</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang ini umumnya berbentuk ramping,
berwarna hijau, agak lunak, memiliki ruas dan rongga pada batangnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Contoh: batang padi, batang jagung,
dan batang tebu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang lunak</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tumbuhan berbatang lunak mempunyai
ciri batang yang terasa lunak dan berair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Contoh: batang bayam dan batang
kaktus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Batang
berkayu</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tumbuhan dengan batang berkayu
memiliki ciri: tinggi, keras, dan tebal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Contoh: Jati, akasia, dan mangga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-16042000175524966212014-05-28T23:23:00.001-07:002014-05-28T23:23:58.689-07:00STRUKTUR AKAR<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar adalah organ pada tumbuhan yang
terdapat di bawah tanah. Akar adalah organ yang berfungsi untuk menyerap air
dan garam-garam mineral dari dalam tanah menuju ke daun.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat-sifat akar :</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian tumbuhan yang umumnya
terdapat di dalam tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arah tumbuh ke pusat bumi <i>(geotrop)</i>
atau menuju ke air <i>(hidrotop)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berbuku maupun beruas sehingga
tidak mendukung tumbuhnya daun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumbuh terus pada ujungnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi
akar :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memperkuat berdirinya tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menyerap air dan zat-zat yang
terlarut di dalam air tadi dari dalam tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengangkut air dan zat-zat makanan tadi ke bagian lain
dari tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terkadang sebagai tempat penimbunan cadangan makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Morfologi akar</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian-bagian
akar.</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji_sn3gQJj0wjUn1Ev0tq9fjREbJz9wtK3oRdX70D-a2R9Q9A0G1LxZFtKpE9B4ULUdY2X8BrL_Aa2i0oKXvls01umC3FXqskNC_9bePxPBF7PDvCQbV1GURnNWZdwp4Nkz5HXYjqdI4yn/s1600/bagian+akar+tumbuhan.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji_sn3gQJj0wjUn1Ev0tq9fjREbJz9wtK3oRdX70D-a2R9Q9A0G1LxZFtKpE9B4ULUdY2X8BrL_Aa2i0oKXvls01umC3FXqskNC_9bePxPBF7PDvCQbV1GURnNWZdwp4Nkz5HXYjqdI4yn/s1600/bagian+akar+tumbuhan.png" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leher akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau <b>pangkal akar</b> <i>(collum)</i>, yaitu bagian yang
bersambungan langsung dengan batang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ujung akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(apex radicis)</i>, bagian akar yang paling muda,
terdiri atas jaringan-jaringan yang masih mengadakan pertumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang
akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(corpus radicis)</i>, bagian
akar yang terdapat di antara leher akar dan ujungnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cabang-cabang
akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(radix lateralis)</i>, bagan
akar yang keluar dari akar pokoknya dan masing-masing dapat mengadakan
percabangan lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Serabut
akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(fibrilla radicalis)</i>,
cabang-cabang akar yang halus dan berbentuk serabut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rambut
akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau <b>bulu akar</b> <i>(pilus radicalis)</i>,
bagian akar yang sesungguhnya hanyalah penonjolan sel-sel kulit luar akar yang
berfungsi menyarap air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tudung
akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(calyptra)</i>, bagain akar yang
letaknya paling ujung, terdiri atas jaringan yang berguna untuk melindungi
ujung akar yang masih muda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anatomi
akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWEp_jlzZVJawcLP20g10WtkgAcdtJhKbgOBXw30Phn3FNfBR9YurRYEI-uPh0hshn9J1uug-a5husKBF9soUjMwFpsYTeIEL_pPUNAtj-HdhG_ntg-HBpr9uRsfpK7xPkMGTxIbxlmZN1/s1600/akar.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWEp_jlzZVJawcLP20g10WtkgAcdtJhKbgOBXw30Phn3FNfBR9YurRYEI-uPh0hshn9J1uug-a5husKBF9soUjMwFpsYTeIEL_pPUNAtj-HdhG_ntg-HBpr9uRsfpK7xPkMGTxIbxlmZN1/s1600/akar.GIF" height="201" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epidermis </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah bagian yang berdinding
tipis dan bersifat semipermeabel.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korteks </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah jaringan parenkim
berdinding tipis, banyak ruang antar sel yang berguna untuk pertukaran zat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endodermis
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berupa
selapis sel, pada dinding selnya ada penebalan zat gabus ( disebut pita kaspari
) untuk mengatur masuknya air dan zat terlarut ke dalam stele.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stele (
silinder pusat ) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
bagian terdalam dari akar. Bagian terluar dari stele adalah perisikel atau
perikambium.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbedaan
akar monokotil dan dikotil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
morfologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar monokotil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pangkal akar sampai ujung akar besarnya sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar hanya bertambah panjang, tidak bertambah besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar tidak bercabang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memiliki tudung akar yang jelas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar dikotil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memiliki akar tunggal sebagai induk akar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pangkal akar lebih besar dari ujung akar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar bertambah panjang dan besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak mempunyai tudung akar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 10pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akarnya bercabang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 10pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
anatomi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar monokotil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batas ujung akar dan kaliptra jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perisikel terdiri dari beberapa lapis sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Punya empulur yang luas sebagai pusat akar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak ada kambiumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah lengan protoxilem banyak (lebih dari 12).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letak xilem dan floem berselang-seling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar dikotil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batas ujung akar dan kaliptra tidak jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perisikel terdiri dari 1 lapis sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak punya empulur / empulurnya sempit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai cambium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span>·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah lengan xilem antara 2-6- Letak xilem di dalam dan
floem di luar (dengan kambium sebagai pembatas)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-jenis
akar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
tumbuhan yang berkembang biak secara generatif, dalam biji sudah terdapat calon
akar atau <b>akar lembaga</b> <i>(radicula)</i>. Pada perkembangan selanjutnya,
jika biji mulai berkecambah sampai menjadi tumbuhan dewasa, akar lembaga dapat
memperlihatkan perkembangan yang berbeda hingga pada tumbuhan lazimnya
dibedakan dua jenis sistem perakaran, yaiutu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
akar tunggang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, jika akar lembaga terus
bertumbuh menjadi akar pokok yang bercabang-cabang menjadi akar-akar yang
lebih kecil. Akar pokok yang berasal dari akar lembaga disebut <b>akar
tunggang</b> <i>(radix</i> <i>primaria)</i>. Sistem akar ini biasa
terdapat pada tumbuhan biji belah <i>(Dycotildoneae)</i> dan tumbuhan biji
telanjang <i>(Gymnospermae)</i>. Perlu di ingat, sistem akar tunggang
hanya di temukan pada tanaman yang berkembang biak secara generatif
(melalui biji).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
akar serabut</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dimana jika akar lembaga
dalam perkembangan lanjutannya mati atau kemudian pertumbuhannya disusul
oleh sejumlah akar yang kurang lebih sama besar dan semuanya keluar dari
pangkal batang. Karena bentuknya seperti serabut maka akar ini di sebut
akar serabut <i>(radix primaria)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt 11.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melihat percabangan dan bentuknya, akar tunggang dapat
dibedakan menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar tunggang yang sedikit
bercabang dan biasanya cabang ini hanya berbentuk serabut-serabut yang
halus. Akar tunggang ini seringkali berhubungan dengan fungsinya sebagai
tempat penimbunan cadangan makanan, misalnya :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbentuk tombak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(fusiformis)</i>, pangkalnya besar meruncing ke
ujung dengan serabut akar sebagai percabangan, biasanya berfungsi sebagai
tempat penimbunan cadangan makanan. Misalnya akar lobak <i>(Raphanus
sativus L.)</i>, wortel <i>(Daucus carota I.).</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbentuk gasing</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(napiformis),</i> pangkal akar besar membulat.
Cabang akar berupa serabut akar yang hanya terdapat pada ujung akar yang
sempit meruncing. Misalnya akar bengkuang <i>(Pachyrrhizus erosus Urb.)</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbentuk benang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(filiformis),</i> jika akar tunggang kecil panjang
seperti serabut akar dan sedikit sekali bercabang. Misalnya pada kratok <i>(Phaseolus
lunatus L.).</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar
tunggang yang bercabang <i>(ramosus).</i> Akar tunggang ini tumbuh kurus
ke bawah, bercabang banyak, dan cabangnya dapat bercabang lagi sehingga
daerah perakaran menjadi luas. Susunan akar ini terdapat pada pohon-pohon
yang ditanam dari biji.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berhubung
dengan cara-cara hidup yang harus disesuaikan dengan keadaan-keadaan tertentu,
pada berbagai jenis tumbuhan kita dapati akar-akar yang mempunyai sifat dan
fungsi khusus, misalnya yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar udara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau <b>akar gantung</b><i>(radix aereus).</i> Akar
ini keluar dari bagian-bagian tanaman yang terdapat di atas tanah,
bergantung di udara. Selama masih menggantung, akar ini hanya dapat
menolong menyerap air dan zat gas dari udara dan seringkali mempunyai
jaringan khusus untuk menimbun air yang disebut <i>velamen </i>(misalnya
akar anggrek kalajengking <i>(Arahnis flosaeris)</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar gantung. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar ini biasanya menggantung
pada batang tumbuhan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akan
tetapi jika akar ini telah mencapai dan masuk ke dalam tanah, bagian yang
masuk tanah lalu berkelakuan seperti akar biasa (menyerap air dari dalam
tanah), bagian yang di atas tanah seringkali berubah menjadi batang
seperti yang terdapat pada pohon beringin (<i>Ficus benjamina </i>L<i>.</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar hisap</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau <b>akar penggerek</b> (<i>haustorium</i>), akar
yang terdapat pada tanaman yang hidup sebagai parasit, berfungsi untuk
menyerap air dan zat makanan dari pohon inangnya seperti kita dapati pada
benalu (<i>Loranthus</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar pelekat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>radix adligans</i>), akar yang keluar dari
buku-buku tumbuhan memanjat dan berguna untuk menempel pada penunjangnya
saja, misalnya pada lada (<i>Piper nigrum </i>L.), sirih <i>(Piper betle </i>L.)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar pembelit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>cirrhus radicalis</i>), juga untuk memanjat,
tetapi dengan membelit atau memeluk penunjangnya, misalnya pada panili <i>(Vanilla</i>
<i>planifolia Andr.). </i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar nafas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(pneumatophora),</i> yaitu cabang-cabang akar yang
tumbuh tegak lurus ke atas sehingga muncul dari permukaan tanah atau air
tempat tumbuhnya tumbuhan. Akar ini terdapat banyak lubang atau celah <i>(pneumathoda)</i>
untuk jalan masuknya udara yang diperlukan dalam pernafasan karena
tumbuhan ini biasanya hidup di tempat yang di dalam tanah sangat
kekurangan oksigen, misalnya di hutan bakau <i>(mangroove)</i> pada
tanaman bogem <i>( Sonneratia sp.)</i> dan kayu api <i>( Avicennia sp.).</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar tunjang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu akar yang tumbuh dari bagian bawah batang ke
segala arah dan seolah-olah menunjang batang ini jangan sampai rebah. Sama
seperti akar nafas, bagian akar yang terdapat di atas permukaan tanah pada
akar ini banyak di temukan lubang atau celah untuk kepentingan pernafasan.
Misalnya pada pohon bakau <i>(Rhizophora conjogata L.)</i> dan pohon
pandan <i>( Pandanus tectorius Sol.) .</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akar lutut</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu bagian akar yang tumbuh ke atas lalu membengkok
lagi masuk kedalam tanah. Akar ini berfungsi seperti halnya dengan akar
nafas yang terdapat pada tumbuhan di tepi pantai yang rendah berlumpur.
Misal pada pohon tanjang <i>(Bruguiera parivolia W. Et A.).\</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-17340240445295760942014-05-27T05:51:00.002-07:002014-05-28T22:23:23.541-07:00PENGERTIAN DAN JENIS SATELIT<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Pengertian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Satelit adalah benda
angkasa yang mengelilingi sebuah planet akibat gaya tarik planet tersebut
dengan periode revolusi dan rotasi tertentu dan memiliki orbit peredaran
sendiri. Bersama dengan planet yang dikelilinginya, satelit juga mengelilingi
matahari. Satelit tidak memancarkan cahaya sendiri, tetapi memantulkan cahaya
yang berasal dari matahari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Jenis-Jenis
Satelit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Terdapat dua jenis
satelit, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Satelit
Alami.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit alami adalah
benda-benda luar angkasa alami (bukan buatan manusia) yang mengorbit pada
sebuah planet atau benda lain yang lebih besar daripada dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Contoh dari satelit alami
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bumi
memiliki 1 satelit yaitu bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Mars
memiliki 2 satelit yaitu Phobos dan Deimos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Yupiter
memiliki 12 satelit dan satelit yang terbesar adalah Ganimeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Saturnus
memiliki 10 satelit dan yang terbesar bernama Titan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Uranus
memiliki 5 satelit yaitu Miranda, Ariel, Titania, Umbriel, dan Oberon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Neptunus
memiliki 2 satelit yaitu Triton dan Nereid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Pluto
memiliki 1 satelit yaitu Charon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Satelit
Buatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit buatan adalah
benda buatan manusia yang diluncurkan ke luar angkasa dan beredar mengelilingi
planet. Salah satu contoh satelit buatan yang dimiliki Indonesia adalah Satelit
Palapa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit buatan
terdiri dari beberapa jenis tergantung kegunaannya, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_astronomi" title="Satelit astronomi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit astronomi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah satelit yang digunakan untuk
mengamati planet, galaksi, dan objek angkasa lainnya yang jauh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_komunikasi" title="Satelit komunikasi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit komunikasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah satelit
buatan yang dipasang di angkasa dengan tujuan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">telekomunikasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menggunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">radio</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi" title="Frekuensi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">frekuensi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_mikro" title="Gelombang mikro"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gelombang mikro</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Kebanyakan satelit komunikasi
menggunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_Geosinkron" title="Orbit Geosinkron"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orbit geosinkron</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_Geostasioner" title="Orbit Geostasioner"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orbit geostasioner</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, meskipun beberapa
tipe terbaru menggunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satelit_pengorbit_Bumi_rendah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Satelit pengorbit Bumi rendah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">satelit pengorbit Bumi rendah</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_pengamat_Bumi" title="Satelit pengamat Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit pengamat Bumi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah satelit yang
dirancang khusus untuk mengamati </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bumi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orbit</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, seperti </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_reconnaissance" title="Satelit reconnaissance"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">satelit reconnaissance</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tetapi ditujukan
untuk penggunaan non-militer seperti pengamatan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan" title="Lingkungan"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lingkungan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologi" title="Meteorologi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">meteorologi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembuatan_peta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pembuatan peta (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembuatan
peta</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_navigasi" title="Satelit navigasi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit navigasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah satelit yang menggunakan sinyal
</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">radio</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang disalurkan ke
penerima di permukaan tanah untuk menentukan lokasi sebuah titik dipermukaan
bumi. Salah satu satelit navigasi yang sangat populer adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS" title="GPS"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GPS</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> milik </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amerika Serikat</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> selain itu ada juga </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glonass&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Glonass (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glonass</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> milik </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rusia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bila pandangan
antara satelit dan penerima di tanah tidak ada gangguan, maka dengan sebuah
alat penerima sinyal satelit (penerima </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS" title="GPS"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GPS</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), bisa diperoleh
data posisi di suatu tempat dengan ketelitian beberapa </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">meter</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam waktu nyata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_mata-mata" title="Satelit mata-mata"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit mata-mata</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_pengamat_Bumi" title="Satelit pengamat Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">satelit pengamat Bumi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_komunikasi" title="Satelit komunikasi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">satelit komunikasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang digunakan untuk
tujuan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militer" title="Militer"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">militer</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
atau </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata-mata" title="Mata-mata"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mata-mata</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satelit_tenaga_surya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Satelit tenaga surya (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit
tenaga surya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
adalah satelit yang diusulkan dibuat di </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbit_Bumi_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Orbit Bumi tinggi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orbit
Bumi tinggi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
yang menggunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmisi_tenaga_gelombang_mikro&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Transmisi tenaga gelombang mikro (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">transmisi tenaga gelombang mikro</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk menyorotkan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_surya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tenaga surya (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tenaga
surya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
kepada </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antena_%28elektronik%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Antena (elektronik) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">antena</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sangat besar di Bumi
yang dpaat digunakan untuk menggantikan sumber tenaga konvensional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_angkasa" title="Stasiun angkasa"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stasiun angkasa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah struktur buatan manusia yang
dirancang sebagai tempat tinggal </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">manusia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
di </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luar_angkasa" title="Luar angkasa"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">luar angkasa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Stasiun luar angkasa dibedakan dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_angkasa" title="Pesawat angkasa"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pesawat angkasa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lainnya oleh ketiadaan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsi_pesawat_angkasa" title="Propulsi pesawat angkasa"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">propulsi pesawat
angkasa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
utama atau fasilitas pendaratan; Dan kendaraan lain digunakan sebagai
transportasi dari dan ke stasiun. Stasiun angkasa dirancang untuk hidup
jangka-menengah di </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orbit</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk periode </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mingguan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mingguan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mingguan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulanan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bulanan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bulanan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, atau bahkan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahunan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tahunan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tahunan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_cuaca" title="Satelit cuaca"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit cuaca</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
adalah satelit yang diguanakan untuk mengamati </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cuaca</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iklim</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bumi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satelit_miniatur&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Satelit miniatur (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satelit
miniatur</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
adalah satelit yang ringan dan kecil. Klasifikasi baru dibuat untuk
mengkategorikan satelit-satelit ini: satelit mini (500–200 kg), satelit
mikro (di bawah 200 kg), satelit nano (di bawah 10 kg).</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
Sebagai Satelit Bumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
merupakan satelit bumi dan sekaligus tetangga terdekat bumi dalam tata surya.
Bulan juga merupakan benda yang paling cemerlang di langit malam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"> Bulan tidak menghasilkan cahaya sendiri, melainkan hanya
memantulkan cahaya matahari yang datang padanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
berbentuk bola dengan garis tengah sekitar 3.475 km, lebih dari seperempat
garis tengah bumi. Pada jarak terdekat, jarak bulan dan bumi sekitar 354.336
km, sedangkan pada jarak terjauh sekitar 404.320 km.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";"> Jarak ini sangat kecil bila dibandingkan dengan
jarak bumi dengan bintang, sehingga bulan kelihatan hampir sebesar matahari.
Gaya gravitasi di bulan hanya seperenam gaya gravitasi bumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Gerakan
Bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
melakukan tiga gerakan sekaligus, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
berputar pada porosnya sendiri ( rotasi ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
mengelilingi bumi ( revolusi )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bersama-sama
dengan bumi mengelilingi matahari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Kala
rotasi bulan = kala revolusinya, sehingga terjadi perubahan dan penampakan
bulan. Perubahan dan penampakan bulan ini disebut fase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Fase-fase
bulan, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
muda atau bulan gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Pekan
pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
purnama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Pekan
terakhir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bulan
separuh yang tambah besar disebut bulan mengembang, sebaliknya bulan yang
menciut disebut bulan surut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Gerhana
Matahari dan Gerhana Bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Pada
saat bulan bergerak tepat di antara bumi dan matahari, maka matahari tertutup
oleh bulan sehingga bayang-bayang bulan sampai ke bumi, permukaan bumi yang
tertutup oleh bayang-bayang bulan akan mengalami gerhana matahari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bayang-bayang
bulan dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Umbra
: bagian yang gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Penumbra
: bagian yang agak terang (kabur )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Gerhana
matahari dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Gerhana matahari total : terjadi
jika matahari terhalang sepenuhnya oleh bulan, ini berarti matahari tampak
sebesar bulan dan kedudukan matahari, bulan, dan bumi berada pada satu garis
lurus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Gerhana matahari cincin : terjadi
jika bulan tampak lebih kecil disbanding matahari, sehingga tampaklah cincin
disekitar bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Gerhana matahari sebagian : terjadi
jika bulan hanya menutupi sebagian matahari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Apabila bumi berada
diantara matahari dan bulan, maka bayangan bumi jatuh pada bulan ( bulan
terhalang oleh bumi ), sehingga terjadi gerhana bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Karena matahari jauh
lebih besar disbanding bumi sehingga bayangan bumi ada 2 macam, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bayangan
inti ( umbra ) : berada pada bagian tengah yang sangat gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Bayangan
kabur ( penumbra ) : bayangan yang mengelilingi bayangan inti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Pasang
Surut Air Laut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Gejala
pasang surut air disebabkan oleh air yang ditarik oleh gravitasi matahari dan
bulan. Tarikan gravitasi matahari sebenarnya jauh lebih besar daripada
gravitasi bulan, tetapi karena bulan lebih dekat ke bumi sehingga pengaruh
tarikan bulan terhadap permukaan bumi lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan tarikan
matahari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Dengan
adanya gaya gravitasi bulan, air laut di sisi bumi yang menghadap bulan menjadi
naik/tinggi, sehingga di daerah itu terjadi pasang, demikian pula yang terjadi
di permukaan bumi yang membelakangi bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold","serif";">Pada
tempat-tempat diantara kedua belahan itu, air laut akan surut karena sebagian
airnya pindah ke daerah yang sedang pasang. Karena bumi berputar, sehingga
setiap daerah mengalami dua kali pasang dan dua kali surut setiap hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-63459038234066795362014-05-26T07:01:00.000-07:002014-05-26T07:01:01.381-07:00TIPS SUKSES MENGHADAPI UN<div style="text-align: center;">
UN ( Ujian Nasional ) adalah tahap akhir atau tantangan terakhir bagi siswa dalam menempuh suatu jenjang pendidikan dari jenjang SMP dan SMA. Ujian Nasional menjadi salah satu momok yang menakutkan bagi siswa, karena dari tahun-ketahun tingkat kesulitan soal Ujian Nasional semakin sulit dan syarat kelulusannya pun semakin diperketat.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWct11RfqMPTXj1zRa1IuCAisoUZhj2h3tltZukyYjdhrqsikp8r9jpZg8wS0J8R5YxxEBRfwuV2Tl3NLBuAXZgX4YP8T1WeHRBFQjQ3eT1cgqBKe_Swfbnp5t6EZNEg205HHR2r7g8dnJ/s1600/images+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWct11RfqMPTXj1zRa1IuCAisoUZhj2h3tltZukyYjdhrqsikp8r9jpZg8wS0J8R5YxxEBRfwuV2Tl3NLBuAXZgX4YP8T1WeHRBFQjQ3eT1cgqBKe_Swfbnp5t6EZNEg205HHR2r7g8dnJ/s1600/images+(1).jpg" height="317" width="400" /></a></div>
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Karena hal-hal tersebut ada sebagian siswa yang sangat takut akan hasil Ujian Nasionalnya. Bahkan, ada siswa yang sampai bunuh diri karena begitu khawatirnya. Sebenarnya Ujian Nasional tidak seharusnya dijadikan beban, asal kita mau belajar dan berlatih.</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Adapun beberapa tips yang mungkin bisa untuk dicoba oleh kawan-kawan agar nantinya sukses dalam menempuh Ujian Nasional adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>1. Rajin Belajar dan Disiplin</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidVpMysNLAkVo3cmSbjrFOYvLVLTuPAwXsPlYtCbUw2CsFmjaRUSl1FeSWX7TDCb6oDSm_a4dOdT6qoAKWtmJFwu-AUT9MMPcwRxLMmBHF37ssgBZlikrgDCnAOfO4laRSz0udxFstwe0z/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidVpMysNLAkVo3cmSbjrFOYvLVLTuPAwXsPlYtCbUw2CsFmjaRUSl1FeSWX7TDCb6oDSm_a4dOdT6qoAKWtmJFwu-AUT9MMPcwRxLMmBHF37ssgBZlikrgDCnAOfO4laRSz0udxFstwe0z/s1600/download.jpg" /></a></div>
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Yang satu ini sudah menjadi keharusan bagi siswa yang ingin sukses dalam menghadapi Ujian Nasional. Seperti kata pepatah " Rajin Pangkal Pandai ". Tidak ada hal yang tidak mungkin jika kamu rajin belajar. Selain itu, untuk lebih menambah kesuksesan dalam menghadapi Ujian Nasional, kita harus berdisiplin waktu. Disiplin waktu yang dimaksud adalah mengatur waktu dengan sebaik-baiknya.</div>
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<b>2. Perbanyak Latihan Soal-Soal Ujian Nasional</b></div>
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Mempelajari teori saja tidak cukup. Kita harus memperbanyak latihan soal-soal Ujian Nasional. Dengan banyak berlatih mengerjakan soal-soal Ujian Nasional, kita akan terbayang cara-cara untuk menyelesaikan soal-soal tersebut. Latihan mengerjakan soal-soal ini sebaiknya dilakukan begitu kita menginjak kelas IX SMP atau XII SMA, atau sebelum itu.</div>
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<b>3. Belajarlah Sesuai Dengan Kisi-Kisi Ujian Nasional</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Ini dilakukan untuk mengefektif dan mengefisienkan apa yang kita pelajari. Karena tidak semua materi yang diajarkan di sekolah keluar dalam Ujian Nasional, kita sebaiknya mempelajari materi yang kemungkinan besar keluar dalam Ujian Nasional. tentunya dengan cara ini kita bisa menghemat waktu dan tenaga dalam belajar.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>4. Ikuti Bimbingan Belajar</b></div>
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Sebagai seorang siswa, disarankan untuk mengikuti bimbingan belajar untuk menambah referensi pengetahuan. Selain itu, di bimbingan belajar kita diberi trik-trik untuk mengerjakan soal dengan cepat dan tepat, teknik menghapal, dan lain sebagainya.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>5. Belajar Berkelompok</b></div>
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Tentu di kelas kita mempunyai teman dengan berbagai macam kemampuan, ada yang berkemampuan lebih, ada yang sedang-sedang, dan ada juga yang berkemampuan kurang. Dengan belajar kelompok, kita bisa sharing satu sama lain untuk memecahkan persoalan yang tidak bisa dipecahkan sendiri.</div>
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<b>6. Fokus Pada UN</b></div>
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Enam bulan sebelum UN, sebaiknya kita fokuskan diri kita ke UN. Kurangi kegiatan-kegiatan lainnya seperti bermain, pacaran, dan lain sebagainya.</div>
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<b>7. Percaya Diri</b></div>
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Apapun yang kita kerjakan, kita harus menghadapinya dengan percaya diri. Mungkin ada beredar kunci jawaban dan lain sebagainya di masyarakat. lebih baik kita jangan memakai kunci jawaban tersebut, karena belum tentu benar. Lebih baik kita percaya pada kemampuan sendiri walaupun hasilnya nanti pas-pasan, tetapi memuaskan karena diperoleh dengan usaha sendiri tanpa bantuan dari siapapun, kecuali dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.</div>
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<b>8. Jaga Kondisi Diri</b></div>
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Sebaiknya kita menjaga kesehatan jasmani dan rohani kita dengan cara berolahraga dengan teratur, istirahat yang cukup, minum air yang cukup, makan yang seimbang, serta menghindari minuman keras dan narkoba. Kita juga harus berhati-hati dalam berkendara supaya tidak terjadi hal yang tidak diinginkan, jangan melakukan tindak kriminal, dan tetaplah berperilaku yang baik.</div>
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<b>9. Berhati-Hati Dalam Mengerjakan LJK</b></div>
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Periksalah keutuhan LJK terlebih dahulu, jika LJK yang kita terima dalam keadaan rusak langsung saja minta ganti yang baru agar tidak beresiko.</div>
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<b>10. Berdoa Kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa</b></div>
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Ini adalah hal yang terpenting dari semua tips saya. Karena Tuhan yang menentukan hasil dari usaha kita. Bedoalah kepada-Nya agar kita diberikan yang terbaik dari apa yang kita usahakan.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-26095793517848010842014-05-25T00:26:00.001-07:002014-05-25T00:26:13.198-07:00PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI UHT PADA PROSES PRODUKSI SUSU<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian susu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Hadiwiyoto (1982) yang dimaksud dengan susu adalah hasil pemerahan sapi atau
hewan menyusui lainnya yang dapat dimakan atau digunakan sebagai makanan yang
aman dan sehat serta tidak dikurangi komponen-komponennya atau ditambah
bahan-bahan lain.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susu
merupakan suatu campuran yang kompleks, terdiri dari lemak, karbohidrat,
protein dan banyak senyawa karbon lainnya serta garam-garam anorganik yang
terlarut atau terdispersi dalam air (Marliyati, 1982).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan,
menurut Wikipedia susu adalah cairan bergizi berwarna putih yang dihasilkan
oleh kelenjar susu pada hewan mamalia ( termasuk manusia ). Susu adalah sumber
gizi utama bagi bayi sebelum mereka dapat mencerna makanan padat. Saat ini,
susu binatang ( terutama susu sapi ) diolah menjadi berbagai macam makanan
seperti es krim, yogurt, keju, dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan Gizi Pada Susu dan Manfaatnya
Bagi Tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susu mempunyai kandungan gizi yang lengkap, meliputi
karbohidrat, lemak, protein, vitamin, mineral, air, dan senyawa-senyawa organik
lainnya. Berikut adalah tabel kandungan gizi pada susu dan manfaatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut ini uraian lengkap mengenai kandungan gizi
dalam susu dan manfaatnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A </span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangun sel-sel kulit, melindungi mata, menjaga tubuh dari
infeksi, sekaligus untuk pertahanan dan perbaikan sel-sel tubuh maupun untuk
pertumbuhan gigi dan tulang<span class="apple-converted-space">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin B1 (Tiamin)</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendorong nafsu makan, berperan dalam sistem saraf dan otot,
selain mejaga tingkat kesehatan dan memproduksi energi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin B6 (Piridoksin)</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu metabolisme protein, membantu pembentukan antibodi
dan saraf, mengatur penggunaan protein, lemak, karbohidrat, di samping berperan
dalam regenerasi/pembaharuan sel darah merah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin D</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan penyerapan kalsium dan fosfor untuk kekuatan
tulang dan gigi, mengatur kadar kalsium dalam darah, dan mengatur produksi hormone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prebiotik</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Untuk
membantu menjaga sistem saluran pencernaan dan meningkatkan daya tahan
tubuh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolin </span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baik untuk membantu pengembangan fungsi otak, meningkatkan
daya ingat dan menambah kecerdasan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalsium</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background: white;">Berperan dalam pembentukan tulang dan
mempertahankan kepadatan tulang dan gigi <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background: white;">Sebagai sumber kalori dan pembentukan jaringan
tubuh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antioksidan (karoten)</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjaga kesehatan kulit dan tubuh serta mencegah proses
penuaan dini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat. </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sebagai penghasil energi utama</span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lemak.</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebagai penghasil energi dan pelarut vitamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fosfor.</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Membentuk tulang dan gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin C.</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk pertumbuhan dinding kapiler darah dan menjaga daya
tahan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim.</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enzim dalam susu merupakan protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel
jaringan ambing dan juga bakteri dalam susu. Enzim yang normal ditemukan dalam
susu antara lain enzim lipase, protease, laktose, fosfatase, peroksidase,
reduktase, dan katalase.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan kandungan gizi lainnya</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Selain itu, pada susu juga ditambahkan perisa untuk
menambah citarasa susu.</span></strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikroorganisme pada Susu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikroorganisme yang berada dalam susu
merupakan faktor utama penyebab terjadinya kerusakan dalam susu. Jumlah bakteri
yang tinggi terjadi pada susu yang penanganannya tidak hygienis atau pada susu
yang diperah dari sapi yang sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frazier dan Westhoff (1988) menyatakan bahwa
kerusakan akibat aktifitas dan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme biasanya lebih
berbahaya dibandingkan kerusakan-kerusakan lainnya. Kerusakan susu karena
aktifitas mikroorganisme dapat mengakibatkan terbentukya asam, gas, ketengikan,
perombakan protein dan lemak, perubahan bau, rasa dan warna yang tidak disukai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikroorganisme yang ditemukan dalam susu
sangat erat hubungannya dengan penanganan susu. Mikroorganisme yang berada
dalam susu berasal dari badan sapi, kandang, alat-alat pemerah, proses
pemerahan dan debu. Pada umumnya jumlah bakteri yang ada dalam susu dari sapi
yang sehat sangat sedikit yaitu kurang dari 50.000 cfu/ml. Apabila penanganan
susu dilakukan dengan baik setelah prises pemerahan, hal tersebut sudah dapat
menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri yang sering terdapat di dalam susu
adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri pembentuk asam
yaitu <i>Streptococcus lactis, streptococcus cremoris, Lactobacilli,
Mycrobacterium lacticum, Micrococcuc sp., Mikrococcus terudie </i>dan<i> bakteri
koliform.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri pembentuk gas
yaitu golongan <i>Enterobacteriaceae </i>dan<i> Pseudomonas
fragi</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri pembentuk
lendir antara lain<i> Alkakigenes viscolactis, Aerobacter aerogenes,
Streptococcus cremoris </i>dan<i> Mykrococcus sp.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri proteolitik
yang dapat memecahkan protein yaitu<i> Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus
var. micoides, Pseudomonas putrefacien, Pseudomonas viscora </i>dan<i>Streptococcus
liquifaciens.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri yang dapat menyebabkan lemak susu pecah antara
lain <i>Pseudomonas flourescens </i>dan<i> Achromobacter
lipolyticum</i> .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengurangi
bakteri-bakteri tersebut, maka diperlukan suatu cara pengolahan, yaitu
teknologi UHT ( Ultra High Temperature ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi
UHT dalam Produksi Susu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqOpRPRDaJfobBqvLdj5NcyyjRSRvTSkYCYzk4LQ8bLpWcFogBonWnYfU9rZ619jZy3izZTcRj_YgiUuGIXPA487t7-AZ-mbLGxnvNQMCfWtzaI2p6IzPuXkQQHodPkuL5lagUTiz3RLvj/s1600/uht.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqOpRPRDaJfobBqvLdj5NcyyjRSRvTSkYCYzk4LQ8bLpWcFogBonWnYfU9rZ619jZy3izZTcRj_YgiUuGIXPA487t7-AZ-mbLGxnvNQMCfWtzaI2p6IzPuXkQQHodPkuL5lagUTiz3RLvj/s1600/uht.jpg" height="186" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi UHT adalah metode pengawetan minuman (
biasanya pada susu ) dengan cara pemanasan pada suhu yang sangat tinggi (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">135</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">150°
C</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">) dalam waktu yang
sangat singkat ( 2-4 detik ). Setelah dipanaskan, susu segera didinginkan pada
suhu 4-5°<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">C</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> . Tujuan pemanasan dengan suhu yang sangat
tinggi adalah untuk membunuh mikrooranisme pathogen, seperti bakteri, protozoa,
dan spora sehingga susu aman untuk dikonsumsi. Pemanasan dilakukan dengan waktu
yang sangat singkat untuk menghindari kerusakan kandungan gizi pada susu dan
untuk mendapatkan rasa, aroma, dan warna yang relatif tidak berubah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Pengolahan Susu Dengan Teknologi UHT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susu cair segar UHT dibuat dari susu
cair segar yang diolah menggunakan<br />
pemanasan dengan suhu tinggi dan dalam waktu yang sangat singkat untuk membunuh
seluruh mikroba, sehingga memiliki mutu yang sangat baik. Secara kesuluruhan
faktor utama penentu mutu susu UHT adalah bahan baku, proses pengolahan dan
pengemasannya. Bahan baku susu UHT cair segar adalah susu segar yang memiliki
mutu tinggi terutama dalam komposisi gizi. Hal ini didukung oleh perlakuan pra
panen hingga pasca panen yang terintegrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pakan sapi harus diatur agar bermutu
baik dan mengandung zat-zat gizi yang memadai, bebas dari antibiotika dan
bahan-bahan toksis lainnya. Dengan demikian, sapi perah akan menghasilkan susu
dengan komposisi gizi yang baik. Mutu susu segar juga harus didukung oleh cara
pemerahan yang benar termasuk di dalamnya adalah pencegahan kontaminasi fisik
dan mikrobiologis dengan sanitasi alat pemerah dan sanitasi pekerja. Susu segar
yang baru diperah harus diberi perlakuan dingin termasuk transportasi susu
menuju pabrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengolahan di pabrik untuk
mengkonversi susu segar menjadi susu UHT juga harus dilakukan dengan sanitasi
yang maksimum yaitu dengan menggunakan alat-alat yang steril dan meminimumkan
kontak dengan tangan. Seluruh proses dilakukan secara aseptik. Susu UHT dikemas
secara higienis dengan menggunakan kemasan aseptik multilapis berteknologi
canggih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemasan aseptic multilapis ini terdiri
dari 6 lapisan karton. Keenam lapisan karton ini terdiri dari lapisan
polyethylene plastic, allumunium foil, dan kertas untuk melindungi dari sinar
ultra violet, udara, dan bakteri yang mungkin akan mengkontaminasi susu. Kemasan
multilapis ini kedap udara sehingga
bakteri pun tak dapat masuk ke dalamnya. Karena bebas bakteri perusak minuman,
maka susu UHT pun tetap segar dan aman untuk dikonsumsi. Selain itu kemasan
multilapis susu UHT ini juga kedap cahaya sehingga cahaya ultra violet tak akan
mampu menembusnya dengan terlindungnya dari sinar ultra violet maka kesegaran
susu UHT pun akan tetap terjaga. Setiap kemasan aseptik multilapis susu UHT
disterilisasi satu per satu secara otomatis sebelum diisi dengan susu. Proses
tersebut secara otomatis dilakukan hampir tanpa adanya campur tangan manusia sehingga
menjamin produk yang sangat higenis dan memenuhi standar kesehatan
internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian teknologi UHT dan
kemasan aseptik multilapis<br />
menjamin susu UHT bebas bakteri dan tahan lama tidak membutuhkan bahan pengawet
dan tak perlu disimpan di lemari pendingin hingga 10 bulan setelah diproduksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum proses pengolahan susu
dengan teknologi UHT adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja9hMYcYB8nHLlF0GsreIUswgbu2rP00afrvJO8g-u4Xdx3XaOo8Yb6EbMUMgxPozb4TMt_BSlm1vGKlIuG5729qOmSocodt05ptY7q3uHUvb6QeTl31EKKOQrvX29_UVbMOPLGAe1qiF1/s1600/image.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja9hMYcYB8nHLlF0GsreIUswgbu2rP00afrvJO8g-u4Xdx3XaOo8Yb6EbMUMgxPozb4TMt_BSlm1vGKlIuG5729qOmSocodt05ptY7q3uHUvb6QeTl31EKKOQrvX29_UVbMOPLGAe1qiF1/s1600/image.gif" height="216" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susu
cair segar ditampung dalam suatu tangki besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian
susu dialirkan melalui suatu pompa untuk diproses lebih lanjut, yaitu proses
sebelum pemanasan, proses pemanasan dan proses pendinginan. Proses pendinginan
dilakukan sebanyak 3 sesi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
memalui proses tersebut, susu kemudian dialirkan ke suatu tangki besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian
susu ditambahkan zat-zat tambahan, seperti perisa, vitamin, dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
itu, susu UHT dikemas dalam kemasan aseptik multilapis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
proses tersebut dilakukan dengan mesin dan hampir tidak ada kontak dengan
tangan, sehingga kemurnian susu terjamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan
Susu UHT Dibandingkan Susu Bubuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susu UHT lebih bagus daipada susu bubuk, Susu bubuk
berasal susu segar yang kemudian dikeringkan, umumnya menggunakan spray dryer
atau roller dryer. Kerusakan protein sebesar 30% dapat terjadi pada pengolahan
susu cair menjadi susu bubuk.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vitamin</span></a> dan
mineral juga lebih banyak terjadi pada pengolahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu_bubuk" title="Susu bubuk"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">susu bubuk</span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan susu UHT dibandingkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">susu bubuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">man untuk
dikonsumsi, karena telah bebas dari mikroba pembusuk dan mikroba penyebab
penyakit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">emiliki warna,
rasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan penampakan
yang mirip susu sapi segar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">usu bersifat
awet dan tanpa bahan pengawet</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">angat praktis
untuk dikonsumsi dan tidak membutuhkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulkas" title="Kulkas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kulkas</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">engandung zat
gizi yang sangat bermanfaat bagi pemeliharaan kesehatan tubuh yang optimal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan Susu UHT</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan
susu UHT sangat mudah dideteksi secara visual, ciri utama yang umum terjadi
adalah kemasan mengembung. Mengembungnya kemasan terjadi akibat kebocoran
kemasan yang memungkinkan mikroba-mikroba penbusuk tumbuh dan memfermentasi
susu. Fermentasi susu oleh mikroba pembusuk menghasilkan gas CO<sub>2</sub>
yang menyebabkan kembung. Kerusakan juga ditandai oleh timbulnya bau dan rasa
yang masam. Selain menghasilkan gas, aktivitas fermentasi oleh mikroba pembusuk
juga menghasilkan alkohol dan asam-asam organik yang menyebabkan susu menjadi
terasa dan beraroma masam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindari
mengkonsumsi susu UHT yang telah mengental.<br />
Fermentasi susu oleh bakteri pembusuk juga pembusuk juga menyebabkan koagulasi
dan pemecahan protein akibat penurunan pH oleh asam-asam organik. Koagulasi dan
pemecahan protein inilah yang menyebabkan tekstur<br />
susu rusak yaitu menjadi pecah dan agak kental.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-40136933643485767082014-05-17T22:55:00.001-07:002014-05-17T22:57:25.249-07:00CARA AMPUH MENGHILANGKAN RASA MALAS BELAJAR<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEignnlWRDdllCfaj2PR5rvWzfnmWFd1UmNA_bAEhmYBACgtWIqW2UpaPIMFxBt7IygXoBV2X3YkEIUz7M5-vpiHDXddvzZgTtUTzLmjqsYqFaQC1P4ZWRfRE7GtJ2sOhPThGv8tsQ_EjDcx/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEignnlWRDdllCfaj2PR5rvWzfnmWFd1UmNA_bAEhmYBACgtWIqW2UpaPIMFxBt7IygXoBV2X3YkEIUz7M5-vpiHDXddvzZgTtUTzLmjqsYqFaQC1P4ZWRfRE7GtJ2sOhPThGv8tsQ_EjDcx/s1600/download.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Belajar adalah kegiatan yang tidak bisa dipisahkan dari kehidupan siswa. Bahkan orang bijak mengatakan bahwa manusia belajar seumur hidup. Namun, dewasa ini minat belajar di Indonesia relatif rendah. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan oleh adanya rasa malas untuk belajar. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kemalasan dalam belajar mungkin bisa disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Rasa malas dapat menghambat keberhasilan seorang siswa dalam proses pembelajarannya. Untuk itu, seorang siswa harus dapat menghilangkan rasa malas dalam belajar. Adapun beberapa cara untuk menghilangkan rasa malas belajar adalah :</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>1. Lihatlah Manfaat Belajar</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Kebanyakan orang cenderung menilai suatu kegiatan hanya dari sisi negatif. Termasuk dalam belajar. Ada orang yang menganggap kalau belajar tidak ada gunanya, ada juga yang merasa sia-sia belajar karena tidak mendapat manfaat apa-apa dari belajar. Padahal kalau dipikirkan banyak sekali manfaat yang diperoleh dari belajar, seperti melatih kita untuk berpikir kritis dalam memecahkan masalah, membantu kita dalam menghadapi ujian maupun ulangan, dan yang paling penting adalah mempersiapkan kita dalam menghadapi era globalisasi.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>2. Biasakan Belajar 1 Jam Sehari</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Kebanyakan orang merasa malas untuk melakukan sesuatu karena tidak terbiasa melakukan kegiatan tersebut, begitu pula dalam belajar. Untuk itu, kita harus membiasakan diri untuk belajar walaupun dalam waktu singkat ( misalnya 1 jam sehari ), lama-kelamaan kita akan merasa tertarik untuk belajar dan lama kelamaan bisa menjadi hobi.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>3. Carilah Partner Untuk Penyemangat</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mencari partner sangat diperlukan untuk menambah semangat belajar. Partner ini bisa dari teman, pacar, saudara, orang tua, dll. Partner-partner ini akan memberi kita motivasi untuk lebih bersemanga dalam belajar.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>4. Melihat Kemajuan Orang Lain</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Biasanya dengan melihat kemajuan orang lain, seseorang akan berusaha untuk menjadi seperti orang tersebut, bahkan menjadi lebih baik. Untuk mencapainya tentu tidak boleh dilakukan dengan bermalas-malasan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-8678686816740160532013-09-24T22:37:00.001-07:002014-05-17T23:03:34.760-07:00SISTEM HUKUM DAN PERADILAN INTERNASIONAL<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 150%;">SISTEM
HUKUM</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 150%;">DAN
PERADILAN INTERNASIONAL</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Makna Sistem Hukum dan Peradilan Internasional</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makna
Hukum Internasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi seakan
dunia melintas tanpa batas. Oleh karena itu, sangat dibutuhkan aturan yang
jelas dan tegas agar tercipta suasana kerukunan dan kerjasama yang salin
menguntungkan. Kerjasama dalam bentuk hubungan antar bangsa atau hubungan
internasional, sangat memerlukan aturan-aturan hukum yang bersifat
internasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah hukum internasional sebenarnya
telah dikenal manusia sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu. Hukum internasional muncul
sejak zaman Yunani Kuno dan Romawi. Pada zaman Yunani Kuno, pemikir-pemikir
besar seperti Socrates, Plato, dan Aristoteles telah menemukan gagasan tentang
masyarakat dan hubungan antar warga negara ( pada masa itu dikenal dengan
istilah negara kota atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">City-state</i>).
Aristoteles dalam bukunya yang berjudul Politica, membahas mengenai kekuasaan
pengadilan yang berisi tentang perlunya pengadilan khusus untuk menangani
perkara-perkara orang asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah hukum internasional awalnya
lahir pada zaman Romawi yang diawali dengan adanya hubungan antarwarga negara
Romawi, warga Romawi dengan warga asing, dan antar warga asing dengan warga
asing. Hubungan yang terjadi banyak dituangkan dalam perjanjian-perjanjian
persahabatan dan perang, antara kerajaan Romawi dengan kerajaan lainnya. Pada
masa itu, berkembang jenis hukum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ius
Civile </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ius Gentium. Ius Civile </i>merupakan
hukum nasional yang berlaku bagi warga Romawi. Adapun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ius Gentium </i>merupakan hukum yang memuat kaidah dan asas hukum yang
mengatur hubungan antara orang Romawi dengan orang bukan Romawi, dan antar
orang bukan Romawi, yang kemudian berkembang menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ius Intern Gentes ( Gentium ) </i>yang merupakan permulaan hukum internasional
dan berkembang hingga saat ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita mengenal istilah hukum
inetrnasional dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ius Inter Gentium</i>,
yang kemudian berkembang dan diterjemahkan menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Volkernrecht </i>( bahasa Jerman ), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Droit
des Gens </i>(bahasa Prancis ), dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law
of Nations </i>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Law </i>(bahasa
Inggris).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penegrtian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Volkernrecht </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ius Gentium </i>sebenarnya
tidak sama,karena dalam hukum Romawi istilau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ius Gentium </i>yang kemudian menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ius Inter Gentium</i> mempunyai pengertian sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
yang mengatur hubungan antara dua orang warga kota Roma dan orang asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
yang diturunkan dari tata tertib alam yang mengatur masyarakat segala bangsa,
yaitu hukum alam (natuurecht). Hukum alam menjadi dasar perkembangan hukum
internasional di eropa dari abad ke-15 sampai abad ke-19.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, mengatakan bahwa
aneka ragam istilah hukum internasional itu bermula dari Hukum Romawi, yang
berarti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
antarbangsa-bangsa Romawi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang
Romawi dan Orang bukan Romawi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang
bukan Romawi satu sama lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Hukum Internasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum internasional sendiri mempunyai
banyak definisi, adapun beberapa definisi hukum internasional menurut beberapa
ahli, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hugo
de Grooit ( Grotius ) dalam bukunya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De
Jure Belli ac Pacis </i>( Perihal Perang dan Damai ) mengemukakan bahwa hukum
dan hubungan internasional didasarkan pada kemauan bebas dan persetujuan
beberapa atau semua negara. Ini ditujukan demi kepentingan bersama dari mereka
yang menyatakan diri di dalamnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sam
Suhaedi berpendapat bahwa hukum internasional merupakan himpunan aturan-aturan,
norma-norma, dan asas yang mengatur pergaulan hidup dalam masyarakat
internasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">J.G.
Starke menyebur bahwa hukum internasional adalah sekumpulan hukum (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> body of law </i>) yang sebagian besar
terdiri atas asas-asas dan karena itu biasanya ditaati dalam hubungan antar
negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wirjono
Prodjodikoro berpendapat bahwa hukum internasional adalah hukum yang mengatur
hubungan hukum antara berbagai bangsa di berbagai negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mochtar
Kusumaatmadja menyatakan bahwa hukum internasional adalah keseluruhan kaidah
dan asas yang mengatur hubungan atau persoalan yang melintasi batas-batas
negara antara negara dengan negara, negara dengan subjek hukum internasional
lainnya bukan negara, atau subjek hukum bukan negara satu sama lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hackworth,
mengemukakan bahwa hukum internasional adalah sekumpulan aturan yang mengatur
hubungan di antara negara-negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pengertian dari beberapa
ahli diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
internasional adalah sekumpulan asas, kebiasaan internasional, dan aturan hukum
yang bersifat umum yang dihormati dan dipatuhi, serta adanya kewajiban mengikat
terhadap negara-negara di dunia dan lembaga atau organisasi internasional di
dalam hubungan mereka dengan yang lain dalam kehidupan masyarakat
internasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-Macam
Hukum Internasional.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
Hal yang Diatur</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan hal yang diatur, hukum
internasional dibagi menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
Perdata Internasional, yaitu keseluruhan kaidah-kaidah dan asas-asas hukum yang
mengatur hubungan perdata yang melintasi batas-batas negara. Dengan kata lain, hukum
perdata internasional adalah hukum yang mengatur perdata antara pelaku-pelaku hukum
yang masing-masing tunduk pada hukum perdata (<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>nasional ) yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
publik internasional, adalah keseluruhan kaidah-kaidah yang mengatur hubungan
atau persoalan yang melintasi batas-batas negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan
dan perbedaan hukum perdata internasional dan hukum publik internasional:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaannya
adalah sama-sama mengatur hubungan antar persoalan-persoalan yang melintasi
batas-batas negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaannya
adalah hal yang diatur di dalamnya. Hukum perdata internasional mengatur
tentang hubungan perdata suatu subjek hukum internasional, sedangkan hukum
publik internasional mengatur tentang persoalan yang berkaitan dengan hukum
publik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
Bentuk</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan bentuknya, hukum internasional
dibagi menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
Tertulis, yaitu seperangkat aturan internasional yang mengatur hubungan antara
warga internasional dalam bentuk tertulis. Seperti, Perjanjian tertulis
misalnya, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Convention on the Law of
Treatis.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
tidak tertulis, yaitu hukum internasional yang mengatur hubungan antar warga
internasional dalam bentuk tidak tertulis. Biasanya berupa kebiasaan
internasional dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Hukum Internasional.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat hukum internasional adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak mengenal suatu
kekuasaan eksekutif yang kuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum internasional
bersifat koordinatif tidak subordinatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum internasional
tidak memiliki badan-badan legislative serta yudikatif dan kekuasaan
polisional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak dapat memaksakan
kehendak masyarakat internasional sebagai kaidah hukum nasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Hukum Internasional.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum internasional dibentuk dengan
tujuan untuk mengatur masalah bersama yang penting dalam hubungan diantara
subjek-subjek hukum internasional seperti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
antarnegara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
diplomatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan
batas-batas negara di laut, darat, dan udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
dan aturan perdagangan internasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Hukum Internasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem hukum internasional berarti
sekumpulan cara/metode untuk mengatur warga dunia dalam melaksanakan hubungan
internasional dengan subjek hukum internasional lainnya. Sistem hukum
internasional mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan hukum nasional. Dalam hal ini
, ada dua teori yang utama, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Monoisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tokoh nya ialah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hanz Kelsen</b>
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Scelle</b>. Menurut aliran
ini hukum nasional dan internasional merupakan satu kesatuan. Hal ini
disebabkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun kedua sistem hukum tersebut mempunyai
istilah yang berbeda, tetapi subjek hukumnya tetap sama, yaitu individu yang
terdapat dalam suatu negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sama-sama meiliki kekuatan hukum yang mengikat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur hukum intern menentukan bahwa hukum mengikat individu
secara perseorangan dan secara kolektif. Hukum internasional mengikat individu
secara kolektif, sedangkan hukum nasional mengikat individu secara
perseorangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Dualisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tokohnya adalah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Thipel</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anzilotti</b> aliran ini beranggapan bahwa hukum internasional dan
hukum nasional merupakan dua sistem terpisah yang berbeda satu sama lain.
Menurut aliran ini perbedaan kedua hukum tersebut disebabakan oleh :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan sumber hukum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum internasional bersumber pada kehendak bersama atau
kesepakatan negara-negara, sedangkan hukum nasional bersumber pada kehendak dan
kekuasaan negara.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan mengenai subjek</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Subjek hukum internasional adalah negara, sedangkan subjek hukum
nasional adalah individu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan mengenai kekuatan hukum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum internasional mengatur hubungan internasional antar negara
dalam tingkat internasional dan berlaku di seluruh dunia, sedankan hukum
nasional mengatur hubungan warga negaranya dalam ruang lingkup nasional dan
berlaku hanya di negara tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan mengenai prinsip dasar hukum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum internasional dilandasi prinsip dasar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pacta sunt servanda</i>, sedangkan hukum nasional dilandasi prinsip
dasar bahwa peraturan perundang-undangan harus ditaati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian
tersebut, dapat dikatakan bahwa sistem hukum internasional tetap berdasarkan
pada prinsip <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pacta sunt servanda, </i>yaitu
suatu prinsip bahwa perjanjian pada dasarnya mengikat pihak-pihak yang
mengadakan perjanjian. Dengan kata lain, perjanjian yang sudah merupakan hukum,
pada dasarnya bersifat mengikat, harus ditaati dan dihormati oleh pihak yang
mengadakan perjanjian tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KERJASAMA DAN
PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL YANG BERMANFAAT BAGI INDONESIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Politik
Luar Negeri.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Politik Luar
Negeri</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtPDRWFHlUzHTMWwcrF1lJNU5Xeb3HRnEjwrFgtwfw1h7mBRO6B_loGDeY2pNL2z4yTmMfT5j861ds94fS1AC4qqcPdkasl-WVoQ2aaLOSTIpUZuF8M_eqMrvvH6nzdxVcjF5VcCMZI8sw/s1600/obama-sby.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtPDRWFHlUzHTMWwcrF1lJNU5Xeb3HRnEjwrFgtwfw1h7mBRO6B_loGDeY2pNL2z4yTmMfT5j861ds94fS1AC4qqcPdkasl-WVoQ2aaLOSTIpUZuF8M_eqMrvvH6nzdxVcjF5VcCMZI8sw/s320/obama-sby.jpeg" height="211" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Politik luar negeri suatu negara merupakan suatu pola atau skema
dari cara dan tujuan secara terbuka dan tersembunyi dalam aksi negara tertentu
terhadap negara lain ataupun sekelompok negara lain, yang merupakan perpaduan
dari tujuan dan kepentingan nasional suatu negara. Politik luar negeri
merupakan strategi dan taktik yang digunakan oleh suatu negara dalam
hubungannya dengan negara-negara lain, atau dalam arti lebih luas politik luar
negeri merupakan pola perilaku yang digunakan oleh suatu negara dalam
hubungannya dengan negara-negara lain. Politik luar negeri juga berhubungan
dengan proses pembuatan keputusan untuk menentukan pilihan tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam arti luas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, politik luar negeri adalah pola perilaku yang digunakan oleh
suatu Negara dalam hubungannya dengan negara-negara lain. Politik luar negeri
berhubungan dengan proses pembuatan keputusan untuk mengikuti pilihan jalan
tertentu. Menurut buku Rencana Strategi Pelaksanaan Politik Luar Negeri
Republik Indonesia (1984-1988), <i>politik luar negeri diartikan</i> sebagai
“suatu kebijaksanaan yang diambil oleh pemerintah dalam rangka hubungannya
dengan dunia internasional dalam usaha untuk mencapai tujuan nasional”.Melalui
politik luar negeri, pemerintah memproyeksikan kepentingan nasionalnya ke dalam
masyarakat antar bangsa”.Dari uraian di muka sesungguhnya dapat diketahui bahwa
tujuan politik luar negeri adalah untuk mewujudkan kepentingan nasional.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Politik Luar Negeri
Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Politik
luar negeri Republik Indonesia merupakan suatu kebijakan yang diambil oleh
pemerintah dalam hubungannya dengan dunia internasional.Kebijakan-kebijakan yang
diamksud tentunya dalam upaya untuk perwujudan mencapai tujuan nasional.Melalui
politik luar negeri, pemerintah memproyeksikan kepentingan nasionalnya kedalam
masyarakat antar bangsa.Adapun tujuan politik luar negeri Republik Indonesia
adalah untuk mewujudkan tujuan dan kepentingan nasional. Tujuan tersebut memuat
gambaran mengenai keadaan negara di masa mendatang serta kondisi masa depan
yang diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
pelaksanaan politik luar negeri Republik Indonesia tersebut diawali dengan
penetapan kebijakan dan keputusan dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa hal yang
didasarkan pada faktor-faktor nasional sebagai faktor internal, serta
faktor-faktor internasional sebagai faktor eksternal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Politik
Luar Negeri yang dianut oleh Indonesia adalah Politik bebas aktif. Berikut ini
beberapa pengertian dari politik luar negeri Indonesia yang bebas aktf :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.A Urbani</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menguraikan pengertian
bebas sebagai berikut : perkataan bebas dalam politik bebas aktif tersebut
mengalir dari kalimat yang tercantum dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 sebagai berikut :
supaya berkehidupan kebangsaan yang bebas. Jadi menurut pengertian ini, dapat
diberi definisi sebagai “berkebebasan politik untuk menentukan dan menyatakan
pendapat sendiri, terhadap tiap-tiap persoalan internasional sesuai dengan
nilainya masing-masing tanpa apriori memihak kepada suatu blok”.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mochtar Kusumaatmaja </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merumuskan bebas aktif
sebagai berikut : Bebas, dalam pengertian bahwa Indonesia tidak memihak
pada kekuatan-kekuatan yang pada dasarnya tidak sesuai dengan kepribadian
bangsa sebagaimana dicerminkan dalam Pancasila. Aktif, berarti bahwa di dalam
menjalankan kebijaksanaan luar negerinya, Indonesia tidak bersifat pasif-reaktif
atas kejadian-kejadian internasionalnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>melainkan bersifataktif.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.W Wijaya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merumuskan: Bebas,
berarti tidak terikat oleh suatu ideology atau oleh suatu politik negara asing
atau oleh blok negara-negara tertentu, atau negara-negara adikuasa (super
power). Aktif artinya dengan sumbangan realistis giat mengembangkan kebebasan
persahabatan dan kerjasama internasional dengan menghormati kedaulatan negara
lain.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan Hukum Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelaksanaan
Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia, yaitu Politik Bebas Aktif memiliki beberapa
landasan hukum, yaitu :<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4399187179012095732" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan
ideal, yaitu Pancasila.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrpsF6XDL1nhyphenhyphenF2DIhvdMTky-YLpwFHvNNr3ZDrw7gTm9Vml7XflV-o_undXR8JQQB_OHVOqlkknJWOvDJVsKCL9CZ5R7h7fKeBw80MLFIrBKKdI3UXNXxsiyLQ4JKeAg5QiYzqig4S7ka/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrpsF6XDL1nhyphenhyphenF2DIhvdMTky-YLpwFHvNNr3ZDrw7gTm9Vml7XflV-o_undXR8JQQB_OHVOqlkknJWOvDJVsKCL9CZ5R7h7fKeBw80MLFIrBKKdI3UXNXxsiyLQ4JKeAg5QiYzqig4S7ka/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pancasila
sebagai ideologi Bangsa Indonesia dipakai sebagai landasan ideal, karena
Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia bersifat bebas aktif, dimana Indonesia tidak
terikat oleh kekuatan dan ideologi luar ( bebas ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan
konstitusonal, yaitu UUD Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, yaitu Pembukaan,
Pasal 11 dan Pasal 13.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
pembukaan UUD 1945 alenia I dinyatakan “bahwa sesungguhnya kemerdekaan itu
ialah hak segala bangsa dan oleh sebab itu, maka penjajahan di atas dunia harus
dihapuskan. Karena tidak sesuai dengan perikemanusiaan dan perikeadilan.”. dan
pada alenia ke IV dinyatakan tujuan bangsa Indonesia berkaitan dengan hubungan
internasional Indonesia, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ikut melaksanakan
ketertiban dunia yang berdasakan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi dan keadilan
sosial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
pasal 11 UUD 1945 dinyatakan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelum amandemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Presiden
dengan persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat menyatakan perang, membuat
perdamaian dan perjanjian dengan negara lain”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sesudah amandemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presiden
dengan persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat menyatakan perang, membuat
perdamaian dan perjanjian dengan negara lain.(****)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presiden
dalam membuat perjanjian internasional lainnya yang menimbulkan akibat yang
luar dan mendasar bagi kehidupan rakyat yang terkait dengan beban keuangan
negara, dan/atau mengharuskan perubahan atau pembentukan undang-undang harus
dengan persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.(***)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketentuan
lebih lanjut tentang perjanjian internasional diatur dengan undang-undang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
pasal 13 UUD 1945 dnyatakan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelum amandemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presiden
mengankat duta dan konsul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presiden
menerina duta negara lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sesudah amandemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presiden
mengankat duta dan konsul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
hal mengankat duta, Presiden memperhatikan pertimbangan Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat.(*)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presiden
dalam menerima penempatan duta negara lain dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.(*)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan
operasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan
operasional politik luar negeri berupa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketetapan MPR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebijakan yang dibuat
oleh Presiden. Dalam hal ini Keputusan Presiden ( Kepres ) yang menyangkut
politik luar negeri Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebijakan atau
peraturan yang dibuat oleh Menteri Luar Negeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan
operasional Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia dari masa ke masa mengalami
perubahan, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dasawarsa 1950-an landasan operasional
prinsip bebas aktif mengalami perluasan makna. Hal ini dinyatakan oleh pidato
Bung Karno yang berjudul “Jalannya Revolusi Kita” pada 17 Agustus 1960.
Kemudian inti dari politik luar negeri kembali dinyatakan oleh Presiden
Soekarno dalam “PerincianPedomanPelaksanaan Manifesto Politik RI”, yang berisi
tentang sifat politik luarnegeri Indonesia yang bebas aktif, anti imperialisme,
dan kolonialisme.</span><span style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Alami 2008:30)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padamasa Orde Baru, landasan operasional
politik luar negeri ditetapkan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dengan ketetapan MPRS
No.XII/MPRS/</span><span style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">966</span><span style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
tentang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penegasan
Kembali Landasan Kebijaksanaan Politik Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ,tanggal 22 Maret 1973, petunjuk bulanan
presiden sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ketua dewan stabilitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>politik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan keamanan,
keputusan-keputusan Menteri Luar Negeri. Pada masa pasca ordebaru,
landasan operasional ditetapkan dengan ketetapan MPR No.IV/MPR/1999</span><span style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
tentang Garis-Garis Besar Haluan Negara Tahun 1999-2004</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, UU No.37 tahun 1999</span><span style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Hubungan Luar Negeri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, UU No.24 tahun 2000</span><span style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tentang Perjanjian
Internasional</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, perubahan UUD 1945</span><span style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hingga </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padamasa reformasi selanjutnyayaituKabinet
Indonesia BersatuditetapkandalamRencana Pembangunan JangkaMenengahNasional
(RPJM) tahun 2004-2009</span><span style="color: #00263b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. (Alami 2008:31)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip-Prinsip Pokok Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip-prinsip
politik luar negeri Indonesia adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bebas
aktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bebas
artinya Indonesia tidak terikat oleh kekuatan, politik, ideology dari negara
luar ( asing ) maupun dari negara adikuasa. Sedangkan aktif artinya Indonesia
tidak bersifat pasif dalam menanggapi masalah-masalah internasional, melainkan
bersifat aktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anti
kolonialisme dan anti imperialisme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hal
ini berarti bahwa Bangsa Indonesia menentang adanya penjajahan dan penguasaan
suatu negara oleh negara lain, karena tidak sesuai dengan perikemanuisaan dan
perikeadilan, seperti yang terdapat pada pembukaan UUD 1945 alenia I.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengabdi Kepada Kepentingan Nasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini berarti politik luar negeri Indonesia dilaksanakan dengan
mengutamakan kepentingan nasional dan menguntungkan rakyat banyak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Demokratis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini berarti polituik luar negeri Indonesia dilaksanakan secara
demokratis berdasarkan nilai-nilai demokrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan
Politik Luar Negeri yang bebas aktif adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan
satu negara Republik Indonesia yang berbentuk negara kesatuan dan negara
kebangsaan yang demokratis dengan wilayah kekuasaan dari Sabang sampai Merauke.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan
suatu masyarakat yang adil dan makmur material dan spiritual dalam wadah Negara
Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan
satu persahabatan yang baik terutama Republik Indonesia dan semua negara di
dunia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk-Bentuk
Kerja Sama dan Perjanjian Internasional yangBermanfaat Bagi Indonesia.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adapun kerja sama dan
perjanjian internasional yang bermanfaat bagi Indonesia antara lain:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perjanjian antara
Republik Indonesia dengan Republik Rakyat Cina pada tahun 1955 tentang
penyelesaian dwikewarganegaraan. Disahkan tanggal 11 Januari 1958 dengan
keluarnya Undang-Undang No. 2 Tahun 1958</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
tentang Persetujuan Antara Republik Indonesia dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok
Mengenai Soal Dwikewarganegaraan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Dala Undang-Undang
ini ada kejelasan dalam pengaturan kewarganegaraan keturunan Cina yang sudah
berumur 18 tahun, apakah mau menjadi warga negara Indonesia atau kembali
menjadi warganegara Cina dengan sukarela.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan negara
non-blok melalui KTT yang pertama tahun 1961 di Beograd ( Yugoslavia ) dan
dipelopori oleh negara Indonesia, Yugoslavia, Mesir, India, dan Ghana.
Organisasi ini sebagai wadah dalam upaya menumbuhkan sikap solidaritas
negara-negara di kawasan Asia Afrika dalam memperjuangkan kemerdekaannya
sekaligus melawan kolonialisme, rasialisme, dan zionisme. Selain itu, bertujuan
untuk mengurangi ketegangan antara Blok Barat dan Blok Timur.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persetujuan
Indonesia-Belanda mengenai penyerahan Irian Barat ( Irian Jaya ) yang
ditandatangani di New York, 15 Januari 1962, disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agreement</i>. Akan tetapi, karena pentingnya materi yang diatur di
dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agreement </i>tersebut maka
dianggap sama dengan treaty. Sebagai konsekuensinya, presiden memerlukan
persetujuan DPR dalam bentuk pernyataan pendapat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persetujuan dibentuknya
CGI ( Consultative Group On Indonesia ) yang terdiri dari gabungan negara
Australia, Belgia, Kanada, Prancis, Jerman Barat, Italia, Jepang, Belanda,
Selandia Baru, Swiss, Inggris, dan Amerika Serikat yang berupaya membantu
Indonesia dalam pengembangan berbagai proyek melalui dana pinjaman lunak.
Tujuan CGI antara lain terwujudnya berbagai proyek infrastruktur sarana
transportasi seperti jembatan dan jalan untuk membuka wilayah Indonesia yang
terisolir, meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang dapat menjangkau seluruh
wilayah Indonesia dan meningkatkan gairah investor terutama dari negara-negara
anggota CGI dalam menanamkan investasinya di Indonesia.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masuknya Indonesia
menjadi negara anggota PBB ( Tanggal 28 September 1950 ), kemudian keluar pada
tanggal 7 Januari 1965 dan masuk kembali pada tanggal 28 September 1966.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan ASEAN yang
diprakarsai oleh pemimpin Indonesia, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand, dan
Malaysia melalui deklarasi Bangkok pada tanggal 8 Agustus 1967.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perjanjian RI-Malaysia
tentang penetapan garis landas kontinen dua negara ( di Selat Malaka dan Laut
Cina Selatan ) ditandatangani tanggal 27 Oktober 1969 dan mulai berlaku tanggal
7 November 1969. Dalam perjanjian ini ada kejelasan dalam pemanfaatan laut,
baik sebagai sarana transportasi air maupun untuk kepentingan penangkapan ikan,
eksplorasi kekayaan laut, mineral, dan tambang.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perjanjian antara
Indonesia dengan Thailand tentang garis batas Laut Andalas di sebelah utara
Selat Malaka pada tahun 1971.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perjanjian antara
Indonesia dengan Australia mengenai garis batas antara Indonesia dengan Papua
New Guinea yang ditandatangani di Jakarta, 12 Februari 1973 dalam bentuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agreement</i>. Namun, karena pentingnya
materi yang diatur dalam agreement tersebut maka pengesahannya memerlukan
persetujuan DPR dan dituangkan dalam bentuk Undang-Undang, yaitu UU No. 6 tahun
1973</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tentang Perjanjian Antara Indonesia dan Australia
Mengenai Garis-Garis Batas Tertentu Antara Indonesia dan Papua New Guinea</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persetujuan garis batas
landas kontinen antara Indonesia dan Singapura tentang Selat Singapura ( 25 Mei
1973 ). Sebenarnya materi persetujuan ini cukup penting, namun dalam
pengesahannya tidak meminta persetujuan DPR melainkan dituangkan dalam bentuk
keputusan Presiden.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perjanjian Ektradisi
antara RI dengan Malaysia tahun 1974.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perjanjian antara
Republik Indonesia dengan Australia mengenai pertahanan dan keamanan wilayah
kedua negara pada tanggal 16 Desember 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengesahan
konvensi internasional tentang penghapusan segala bentuk diskriminasi rasial
1965 dengan dikeluarkannya UU No. 29 tahun 1999</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tentang Konvensi Internasional Tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk
Diskriminasi Rasial 1965</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Dengan adanya
Undang-Undang ini masyarakat Indonesia akan lebih memahami bahwa sebagai bagian
dari masyarakat internasional harus menghormati, menghargai, dan menjunjung
tinggi prinsip dan tujuan piagam PBB serta Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi
Manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat
Kerjasama internasional Bagi Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suatu kerja sama
internasional harus dibuat dengan berdasarkan atas asas timbak balik yang turut
serta dalam perjanjian tersebut dan tidak merugikan negara-negara yang
menandatangai perjanjian tersebut. Pelaksanaan kerjasama dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>negara lain baik dalam bentuk bilateral,
regional, maupun internasional ( perjanjian dan hukum internasional ) bagi
bangsa Indonesia merupakan konsekuensi dari sebuah negara yang merdeka dan
berdaulat serta menjadi salah satu negara di dunia. Kerja sama internasional
mempunyai arti untuk mewujudkan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan,
perdamaian abadi, dan keadilan sosial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cukup banyak manfaat
kerja sama yang dilakukan Indonesia dengan negara lain, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidang Politik</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwX_6tWIBrmOMTctAMg0r0pD1PO2UUPpQ86rJyL_5frmWENjv-ag_r1m_Cu-EvjmOEciFBW_epa5ixmezfS-1Tj4jHnMeBEf57qGERKJ0OsL2LgPdSsvfH6qWjr3bmOIMGWR-J00wVhaO5/s1600/250px-Tkhsukarno_with_tito.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwX_6tWIBrmOMTctAMg0r0pD1PO2UUPpQ86rJyL_5frmWENjv-ag_r1m_Cu-EvjmOEciFBW_epa5ixmezfS-1Tj4jHnMeBEf57qGERKJ0OsL2LgPdSsvfH6qWjr3bmOIMGWR-J00wVhaO5/s1600/250px-Tkhsukarno_with_tito.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan
ekstensi bangsa Indonesia di mata Internasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kerjasama
dalam bidang politik dapat menjadi alat untuk mempertahankan kedaulatan
Indonesia sebagai bangsa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberikan
akses bagi Indonesia untuk ikut serta dalam mewujudkan perdamaian dunia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan
persaudaraan antar bangsa sebagai pelaksanaan cita-cita bangsa Indonesia yang
terkandung dalam Pancasila.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidang Sosial Budaya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lebih
memperkenalkan kekayaan khasanah budaya bangsa Insonesia kepada dunia
internasional.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lebih
mengenal kubudayaan bangsa-bangsa lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan
serta memajukan pariwisata di Indonesia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan
mutu pendidikan di Indonesia dengan melakukan perbandingan dengan negara-negara
lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidang Ekonomi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan
perekonomian Indonesia.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membantu
pemasaran produk-produk Indonesia ke luar negeri.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memperlancar
arus perdagangan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidang Militer</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan
profesionalisme dan kemampuan militer Indonesia.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meningkatkan
infrastruktur militer melaui pembelian pesawat tempur dan senjata.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sikap
Positif Terhadap Kerjasama dan Perjanjian yang Bermanfaat.</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk meningkatkan
kerja sama internasional, maka perlu dkembangkan sikap-sikap positif,
diantaranya :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya kemauan dan
kesiapan diri untuk memperkenalkan kebudayaan nasional, pertukaran pemuda,
pelajar dan mahasiswa, serta kegiatan olahraga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesiapan dan kemampuan
diri untuk menciptakan perdamaian abadi dan keadilan sosial.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mewujudkan tata ekonomi
yang berdasarkan keadilan dan kemerdekaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengikuti perkembangan
dunia dengan cermat, sehingga dapat mengambil langkah-langkah nyata secara dini
jika terjadi masalah yang dapat mengganggu stabilitas nasional.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-30965340678025542642012-10-20T05:20:00.000-07:002014-05-17T23:04:13.708-07:00Sloka-sloka dan Contoh Prarabda Karma Phala<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PRARABDA KARMA PHALA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengertian Prarabda Karma Phala.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prarabda Karmaphala</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah pahala dari perbuatan kehidupan yang sekarang, sewaktu
masih hidup, telah dapat dinikmati pada kehidupan sekarang juga. <i>Prarabda Karmaphala</i> itu dapat diartikan
sebagai <i>karmaphala</i> cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Prarabda
karma phala adalah hasil dari perbuatan kita pada kehidupan sekarang ini tanpa
ada sisanya, sewaktu masih hidup telah dapat memetik hasilnya, atas karma yang
dibuat sekarang. Sekarang menanam kebijaksanaan dan kebajikan pada orang lain
dan seketika itu atau beberapa waktu kemudian dalam hidupnya akan menerima
pahala, berupa kebahagiaan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebaliknya
sekarang berbuat dosa, maka dalm hidup ini dirasakan dan diterima hasilnya
berupa penderitaan akibat dari dosa itu.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prarabda
karmaphala disebutkan dalam sloka berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Jnanodayat
purarabdham karma jnanana nasyati <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Adattva
svaphalam laksyam uddisyotsrtabanavat <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Artinya :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
Seperti anak panah yang lepas dan busurnya langsung melesat mencapai target,
karmaphala yang mulai berbuah sebelum timbulnya pengetahuan tidak akan dapat
dihilangkan oleh pengetahuan tanpa memberikan hasilnya.</span> <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Kunang ikang wwang
angegong tukar, sadakaladunkha ika saparanya, solahnya, ring paturwan tuwi,
makanimitta, tan anggeh ni hatinya, kadi kramaning aturu ring umah mesi sarpa.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Sarasamuscaya. 98<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Akan tetapi orang yang biasa atau selalu bertengkar
senantiasa ia resah, rusuh hati, kemanapun ia pergi; dan dalam semua
perbuatannya, meski di tempat tidur sekalipun, tidak tentram hatinya, sebagai
keadaan orang tidur dalam rumah yang berisi ular.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Samangke tan enak
turunya, pratyekanya, wwang alara, wwang hana kagelengnya, wwang umangenangen
sakaryanya, wwang saraga kunang.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Sarasamuscaya. 99<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Artinya :<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Yang lebih tidak enak tidurnya, ialah orang yang menderita
sakit, orang yang ketakutan, orang yang dibenci, orang yang sedang
memikir-mikirkan segala pekerjaannya, begitupun juga orang yang menderita cinta
berahi.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Apan ikang wwang
kakawaca dening krodhanya, salwirining pinujakenya, sawakaning pawehnya dana,
salwirning tapanya, salwirning hinomakenya, ika ta kabeh bhatara yama sia
umalap phalanika, tanpaphala iriya, twas nghel, matangnyat kawasakena tan
krodha.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Sarasamuscaya. 102<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Sebab orang yang dikuasai nafsu murkanya, segala apa yang
dipersembahkannya, segala rupa barang yang diberikan sebagai sedekah olehnya,
segala tapa yang dilakukan olehnya, segala yang dipersembahkan sebagai kurban
kepada api olehnya, kesemuanya itu bhatara yama mengambl buahnya. Ia tidak
mendapat hasil apa-apa, kecuali kepayahan. Oleh karena itu, kuasailah kemarahan
hati itu.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Hana mangke
kramanya, tan katanam krodha, apageh ring kasatyan, tatan pamatimati, tan
dosagrahi, tuwi cuddhacara, samangkana kramanira, kadirghayusan pinangguh nira
dlaha, adyapi mangke tuwi.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Sarasamuscaya. 147<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Ada orang yang berkeadaan begini: tidak dirasuki
kemarahan, selalu tetap berpegang teguh kepada kebenaran, selalu tetap
berpegang teguh kepada kebenaran, sekali-kali tidak melakukan perbuatan
membunuh, tidak berbuat jahat, benar-benar berkelakuan suci. Jika berkeadaan
demikian, usia panjang diperolehnya kelak, bahkan sekarangpun.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Kunang ika wwang
tapwan hana pwa inalapnya, drbyaning asing-asing, ya ika wastuning tan hana
katakutnya, lilasing saparanya, kunang ikang maling ngaranya, sakwanyan sarwa
sangcaya irinya, nihan padanya kadi kramaning mraga mara ring grama.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Sarasamuscaya. 150<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Orang yang tidak pernah mencuri barang-barang kepunyaan
siapapun juga, baginya sesungguhnya tidak ada yang ditakutinya, selalu gembira
kemanapun perginya. Sebaliknya, yang disebut pencuri, kemanapun perginya serba
merupakan kecurigaan baginya, demikianlah keadaannya sama seperti seekor kijang
atau seekor binatang liar yang masuk ke dalam desa.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Yadyapi brahmana
tuha tuwi, yan dussila, tan yogya katwangana, mon sudra tuwi, dharmika, susila,
pujan katwangana jugeka, ling sang hyang aji.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Sarasamuscaya. 161<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Meski brahmana yang berusia lanjut sekalipun, jika
perilakunya tidak susila, tdak patut disegani. Biar orang sudra sekalipun, jika
perilakunya berpegang kepada dharma dan kesusilaan, patutlah ia dihormati dan
disegani juga, demikian kata sastra suci.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Ulah rahayu mara
hetunikang wwang kinawruhan kasujanmanya, yadyapin hilanga ktang kawwangan, yan
susila ikang wwang, ndan kinawruhan muwah kawwangan ika.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Sarasamuscaya. 163<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Tingkah laku yang baik sesungguhnya merupakan sebab orang
dikenal berkelahiran mulia. Biarpun silsilah keturunannya sudah tidak ada lagi,
asalkan orang itu berkelakuan susila, akan diketahui pula aka nasal keturunan
orang itu.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Manasam
manasaiwayam<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Upabhungkte
cubhacubham<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Waca waca krtam karma<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Kayenaiwa ca
kayikam.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Menawa
Dharmasastra. XII. 8<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Orang memperoleh akibatnya baik atau buruk dari pada
tingkah laku perbuatan badannya, pikiran pada pikirannya, dan perkataan dalam
ucapan kata-katanya.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Tatra yatpriti
samyuktam<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Kincidatmani
laksayet<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Pracantamiwa
cuddhabham<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Sattwam tad
upadharayate<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Menawa
Dharmasastra. XII. 27<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Kalau orang mengalami pada jiwanya perasaan nikmat yang
mendalam seperti halnya sinar cahaya yang suci, hendaklah mereka mengetahui
bahwa kebaikanlah itu ada diantara ketiga sifat itu.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Yatha jatabalo
wanhir<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Dahatyardranapi
drumah<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Tatha dahati
wedajnah<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Karmajam dosam
atmanah<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Menawa
Dharmasastra. XII. 101<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Laksana api yang memperoleh kekuatannya bahkan akan
memusnahkan semua pohon-pohon kayu yang penuh parit. Demikianlah ia yang mengetahui
Weda membakart noda-noda semua atas jiwanya yang lahir karena perbuatan
jahatnya.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Contoh-contoh
Prarabda Karma Phala:</b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila
anda mencaci seseorang tanpa alasan jelas, maka anda di pukul dan sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kita
bekerja untuk mendapatkan hasil kerja untuk menikmati kehidupan yang lebih
baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saat
kita mencubit lengan (sebab), maka rasa sakitnya (akibat) dapat dirasakan
secara langsung pada saat itu juga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seorang
mencuri sepeda motor, kemudian dia dihakimi oleh warga sampai tewas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seseorang
melakukan kegiatan korupsi, kemudian dia langsung dihukum penjara seumur hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sekelompok
orang yang melakukan kegiatan terorisme, kemudian dia ditangkap dan diberi
hukuman mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">eseorang
yang menggit cabe pasti akan langsung merasa pedas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">eorang
siswa yang menyontek dan ketika ketahuan dia mendapatkan nilai
jelek serta hukuman dari gurunya .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anda
rajin menanam mangga, maka menikmati buah mangga, rajin membantu orang tua,
disayang orang tua, rajin menyanyi istri dan anak-anak, merekapun akan
menyayangi anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-87035068805353422232012-09-03T06:35:00.001-07:002012-09-21T15:09:09.176-07:00gede.pradnyana's note: Larutan: Penggolongan dan Contohnya<a href="http://gede-prad.blogspot.com/2012/09/larutan-penggolongan-dan-contohnya.html?spref=bl">gede.pradnyana's note: Larutan: Penggolongan dan Contohnya</a>: LARUTAN 1. Larutan. a. Pengertian Larutan Larutan didefinisikan sebagai campuran homogen antara dua zat atau lebih ya...Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-7644243478678807932012-09-03T06:31:00.001-07:002012-09-21T15:11:59.408-07:00Larutan: Penggolongan dan Contohnya<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LARUTAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengertian Larutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan didefinisikan sebagai
campuran homogen antara dua zat atau lebih yang saling melarutkan dan
masing-masing zat penyusunnya tidak dapat dibedakan lagi secara fisik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Komponen-Komponen Larutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan terdiri atas dua
komponen, yaitu komponen zat pelarut dan komponen zat terlarut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Komponen
Zat Pelarut ( solvent )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zat pelarut adalah zat yang
mendespresikan. Umumnya zat jumlah zat pelarut lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan
zat terlarut, tetapi ada pada beberapa larutan komponen zat terlarutnya lebih
banyak daripada komponen zat terlarutnya, larutan ini disebut larutan pekat.
Pada bentuk larutan, struktur komponen zat pelarut ( solvent ) tidak berubah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Komponen
Zat Terlarut ( solute )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zat terlarut adalah zat yang
terdispresi dalam zat pelarut. Umumnya jumlah zat terlarut lebih sedikit dalam
campuran tersebut, atau struktur zat terlarut berubah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25 gram dapur dalam 100 gram air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam hal ini air ( H<sub>2</sub>O ) disebut
pelarut, sedangkan garam dapur ( NaCl ) sebagai zat terlarut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sirup ( kadar gula 80 % )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada sistem ini gula pasir merupakan komponen yang
lebih banyak daripada air, akan tetapi gula dinyatakan zat terlarut dan air
sebagai zat pelarut, sebab struktur air tidak berubah ( wujud : cair ),
sedangkan gula berubah dari padat menjadi cairan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Macam-macam
( Penggolongan ) Larutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peta Konsep.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCIDi2FvcZoagGqBshw-iRSq_SE4QAZ9405Ds7X11mQoih4GL_1W2teg_4moWlwMR7aEwnBrYv54dhfDaoTU3YphCpcks0WHpzB58-eLaHJYD8VD89JaDqEiUpLkhR4tlhvJJ2zRqibksI/s1600/45600_153373098008743_100000081600037_469696_4561021_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCIDi2FvcZoagGqBshw-iRSq_SE4QAZ9405Ds7X11mQoih4GL_1W2teg_4moWlwMR7aEwnBrYv54dhfDaoTU3YphCpcks0WHpzB58-eLaHJYD8VD89JaDqEiUpLkhR4tlhvJJ2zRqibksI/s320/45600_153373098008743_100000081600037_469696_4561021_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penggolongan larutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan dapat digolongkan berdasarkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wujud
pelarutnya, yaitu terdiri atas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">larutan
cair, yaitu larutan yang berwujud cair. ( contoh : larutan gula, larutan garam,
larutan cuka, sirup ), </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">larutan
padat, yaitu larutan yang berwujud padat. ( contoh : emas 22 karat yang
merupakan campuran homogen antara emas dan perak atau logam lain ), </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">larutan
gas, yaitu larutan yang berwujud gas. ( contoh : udara ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daya
hantar listriknya, yaitu larutan elektrolit ( dapat menghantarkan arus listrik
) dan larutan nonelektrolit ( tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan elektrolit dapat
dibedakan berdasarkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daya hantar listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berdasarkan daya hantar listriknya, larutan
elektrolit dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan elektrolit lemah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu larutan yang berdaya hantar listrik lemah.
Pada uji elektrolit ditunjukkan dengan lampu menyala redup atau tidak menyala
tetapi ada gelembung gas disekitar elektroda. Yang tergolong larutan elektrolit
lemah yaitu NH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S,
dan lain-lain. Dalam larutan senyawa elektrolit ini hanya terionisasi sebagian
sehingga derajat ionisasi kecil ( α<1 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan elektrolit kuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu larutan elektrolit yang berdaya hantar listrik
kuat. Pada uji elektrolit ditunjukkan oleh nyala lampu terang dan disekitar
elektroda timbul banyak gelembung-gelembung gas. Yang tergolong larutan
elektrolit kuat meliputi senyawa ion ( larutan MgCl<sub>2</sub>, NaCl, dan NaOH
) dan beberapa senyawa kovalen polar ( HCl, HBr, HNO<sub>3</sub>, HI, dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
). Larutan elektrolit kuat memiliki derajat ionisasi sama dengan satu atau
mendekati satu ( α = 1 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ikatan Kimianya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berdasarkan ikatan kimianya, larutan elektrolit
dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa Ion ( Elektrovalen )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa ion adalah senyawa yang atom-atomnya
berikatan secara ionik. Ikatan ion adalah ikatan yang dihasilkan dari
perpindahan electron terluarnya. Atom yang kehilangan electron menjadi ion
positif ( kation ) dan atom yang menerima electron menjadi ion negative ( anion
). Dalam larutan senyawa ionic pada umumnya membentuk larutan elektrolit kuat.
Dalam lelehannya, senyawa ion dapat menghantarkan listrik karena ion-ion dalam
lelehan dapat bergerak relatif lebih bebas dibandingkan ion-ion dalam padatan.
Dalam padatannya senyawa ion tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa Kovalen Polar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa kovalen polar dalam bentuk murni ( HCl cair
murni, H<sub>2</sub>O murni, NH<sub>3</sub> cair murni, dan lain-lain ) tidak
dapat menghantarkan arus listrik walaupun dalam bentuk cairan. Begitu pula
lelehan senyawa kovalen polar tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik. Ini
karena molekul kovalen polar merupakan partikel netral. Namun, apabila
dilarutkan dalam air, maka dapat menghantarkan arus listrik. Hal ini terjadi
karena antara molekul air dan molekul kovalen polar terjadi gaya tarik-menarik
yang cukup kuat untuk memutuskan ikatan membentuk ion-ion yang dapat bergerak
bebas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nama</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rumus
Molekul</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hasil
Ionisasi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Fluorida</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HF</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sup>+</sup>
+ F<sup>-</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Asetat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup>
+ H<sup>+</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Sulfit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2H<sup>+</sup>
+ SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Fosfat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3H<sup>+</sup>
+<sup> </sup>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Sulfat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sup>+</sup>
+ SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Klorida</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HCl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sup>+
</sup>+ Cl<sup>-</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Nitrat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HNO<sub>3</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sup>+</sup>
+ NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Meskipun demikian, tidak semua molekul polar dapat
mengalami ionisasi dalam air. Sedangkan molekul nonpolar, tidak ada yang
bersifat elektrolit. Perbedaan antara senyawa ion dengan senyawa kovalen polar
disimpulkan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wujud</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 186.8pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jenis Elektrolit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.05pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa Ion</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.75pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa KovalenPolar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Padatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.05pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nonkonduktor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.75pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nonkonduktor</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lelehan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.05pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Konduktor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.75pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nonkonduktor</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.55pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.05pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Konduktor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.75pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Konduktor</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan
Elektrolit dan Non elektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan Elektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dikatakan larutan elektrolit
karena larutan ini dapat menghantarkan arus listrik. Kuat lemahnya daya hantar
larutan elektrolit sangat dipengaruhi oleh banyak sedikitnya ion yang
dihasilkan dari proses ionisasi. Semakin banyak molekul zat yang terurai
menjadi ion, semakin kuat daya hantar listriknya, dan sebaliknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan elektrolit dapat
digolongkan berdasarkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daya Hantar Listrik, dibedakan
menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan Elektrolit Kuat,
Contohnya : MgCl<sub>2</sub>, NaCl, NaOH, HCl, HBr, HNO<sub>3</sub>, HI, dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan Elektrolit Lemah,
contohnya : NH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S,
dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ikatan Kimia, dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa Ion, yaitu senyawa yang
terbentuk dari ikatan ion positif ( kation ) dan ion negative ( anion )
contohnya : NaCl, MgCl<sub>2</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>O, Al<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>,
dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa Kovalen Polar, yaitu
senyawa yang terbentuk karena pemakaian bersama satu atau lebih pasang atom,
dimana diantara unsur-unsur yang berikatan mempunyai perbedaan
elektronegatifitas. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>contohnya : HCl, HNO<sub>3</sub>,
H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH, NH<sub>4</sub>OH, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan elektrolit dapat
menghantarkan arus listrik karena ketika dilarutkan dalam air, senyawa larutan elektrolit,
misalnya garam dapur ( NaCl ) terurai menjadi ion-ion yang bergerak bebas,
ion-ion inilah yang akan menghantarkan arus listrik.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCii5GWdFynmNTIIrpsl7LxxsEzuxfBqWec9EsStsd__2Id9Ii10McJvKVdFaqXGNGYyWs5ShsH3B1fMg4oDYssL-qHngL2nxgFlHV3mmDzq4QrSMVckhWM27IZNRAeEWOQXyKEgJ0rTnH/s1600/garam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCii5GWdFynmNTIIrpsl7LxxsEzuxfBqWec9EsStsd__2Id9Ii10McJvKVdFaqXGNGYyWs5ShsH3B1fMg4oDYssL-qHngL2nxgFlHV3mmDzq4QrSMVckhWM27IZNRAeEWOQXyKEgJ0rTnH/s320/garam.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
gambar : garam dapur (NaCl)</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan Nonelektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dikatakan larutan nonelektrolit,
karena larutan jenis ini tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik. Pada larutan
ini tidak dihasilkan ion-ion, melainkan senyawa ini larut dalam air sebagai
molekulnya. Pada uji elektrolit ditunjukkan dengan lampu yang tidak menyala dan
tidak ada gelembung. Larutan nonelektrolit mempunyai derajat ionisasi sama dengan
nol (α=0 ). Contoh larutan nonelektrolit adalah : Larutan gula C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>,
urea, alcohol, minyak, glukosa, dll.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWf7xk_aXgG124eCx2LclA7tKSS0j8aP5kVo8ti4qyTP_oRcKmgkGwfND0nkW49Ge8TNqRlE33fiMhNzov5h25P4Rf1yln_rnQzMfq3APleGqgL_shTc9ZachDdhwYP5gB2upICshULcOE/s1600/etanol_70_200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWf7xk_aXgG124eCx2LclA7tKSS0j8aP5kVo8ti4qyTP_oRcKmgkGwfND0nkW49Ge8TNqRlE33fiMhNzov5h25P4Rf1yln_rnQzMfq3APleGqgL_shTc9ZachDdhwYP5gB2upICshULcOE/s320/etanol_70_200.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
gambar : alkohol contoh larutan nonelektrolit</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Derajat
ionisasi ( α )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Derajat
ionisasi adalah banyaknya mol zat yang terurai dibagi dengan mol zat mula-mula,
atau dirumuskan dengan persamaan matematis :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-5_uE0QTPa0y1c_Y05fucM05YpQGE8C5rjnZguRa0QqMW6v05-EpPS0KZyR2W0ZIeDppJ5HkFKo5QbaiYHNVil4RuJ8WZ2j_wJspD1pD1zKaH6iDTyIiioYymIZe9ZFlTVhFkOcQ0JEfa/s1600/artikel-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-5_uE0QTPa0y1c_Y05fucM05YpQGE8C5rjnZguRa0QqMW6v05-EpPS0KZyR2W0ZIeDppJ5HkFKo5QbaiYHNVil4RuJ8WZ2j_wJspD1pD1zKaH6iDTyIiioYymIZe9ZFlTVhFkOcQ0JEfa/s1600/artikel-1.JPG" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Derajat
ionisasi menentukan kuat lemahnya daya hantar listrik pada larutan. Besarnya
derajat ionisasi berkisar antara 0 dan 1 ( 0 < α < 1 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Derajat ionisasi ( α ) = 0
berarti tidak ada molekul zat yang terurai menjadi ion, sehingga tidak dapat
menghantarkan arus listrik. Larutan yang mempunyai α=0 termasuk larutan
nonelektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Derajat ionisasi ( α ), 0 < α
< 1, berarti hanya beberapa molekul zat saja yang terurai menjadi ion,
sehingga hanya dapat menghantarkan sedikit arus listrik. Larutan yang mempunyai
derajat ionisasi 0<α<1 termasuk larutan elektrolit lemah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Derajat ionisasi ( α ) = 1
berarti semua molekul zat terurai menjadi ion, sehingga dapat menghantarkan
banyak arus listrik. Larutan yang mempunyai α=1 termasuk larutan elektrolit
kuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Percobaan
( uji elektrolit )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat
dan bahan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lampu
pijar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kabel</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber
tegangan listrik ( baterai )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Elektroda</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan
garam ( NaCl ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan
cuka ( CH<sub>3</sub>COOH )</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan
gula (C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Langkah
Kerja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Susunlah
alat penguji elektrolit sesuai dengan skema rangkaian alat penguji elektrolit
di bawah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masukkan
kedua electrode ke dalam larutan yang akan diuji, misalnya larutan garam dapur
( NaCl ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Amati
apa yang terjadi pada lampu dan sekitar electrode.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ulangi
ketiga langkah di atas untuk larutan yang lain, ( larutan cuka ( CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
) dan larutan gula ( C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub> )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lengkapi
hasil kegiatan tersebut dalam tabel pengamatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Skema
rangkaian sederhana alat penguji elektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYLcOBv82P7uGjUCH5W-pMzztwqeSVd1P0iS2B4CdmqdL-ajO3NtAef-rBRXe1iGWpQuj5O8hPnifINg72vwDIIRKXlBpmy4Hv-Ycwu-oivRXVn44L6EK_71XZPysaAFeR3tS1EMhlAXaU/s1600/kimx07_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYLcOBv82P7uGjUCH5W-pMzztwqeSVd1P0iS2B4CdmqdL-ajO3NtAef-rBRXe1iGWpQuj5O8hPnifINg72vwDIIRKXlBpmy4Hv-Ycwu-oivRXVn44L6EK_71XZPysaAFeR3tS1EMhlAXaU/s320/kimx07_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel
hasil pengamatan :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 83.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.3pt;" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.2pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rumus</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nyala</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lampu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gelembung</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.3pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Larutan
garam dapur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.2pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NaCl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Terang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ada
( banyak )</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.3pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Larutan
cuka</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.2pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Redup</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ada
( sedikit )</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.3pt;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Larutan
gula</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.2pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak
menyala</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak
ada</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesimpulan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari percobaan di atas dapat
disimpulkan bahwa larutan garam dapur ( NaCl ) dan larutan cuka ( CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
) termasuk larutan elektrolit karena dapat menghantarkan arus listrik yang
ditunjukkan dengan lampu yang menyala dan terdapat gelembung-gelembung gas di
sekitar electrode. Sedangkan, larutan gula ( C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>
) termasuk larutan nonelektrolit, karena tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik
yang ditunjukkan dengan lampu yang tidak menyala dan tidak terdapat
gelembung-gelembung gas disekitar electrode.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari
percobaan pada soal no 5, didapatkan bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan garam ( NaCl ) termasuk
larutan elektrolit kuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan cuka ( CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
) termasuk larutan elektrolit lemah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan gula ( C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>
) termasuk larutan nonelektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berdasarkan
berbagai sumber, diketahui bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan garam ( NaCl ) termasuk
larutan elektrolit kuat, karena semua molekul zat garam dapur ( NaCl ) berubah
menjadi ion-ion ( mempunyai derajat ionisasi/α=1 ). Di dalam larutan, senyawa
NaCl terionisasi menjadi ion Na<sup>+</sup> dan ion Cl<sup>-</sup>. Ion-ion
inilah yang menghantarkan arus listrik. Larutan NaCl dapat menghantarkan banyak
arus listrik. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan lampu yang menyala terang dan terdapat
banyak gelembung-gelembung gas pada electrode.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan cuka ( CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
) termasuk larutan elektrolit lemah, karena hanya sebagian molekul zat CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
saja yang terionisasi menbentuk ion-ion ( derajat ionisasinya kecil diantara 0
dan 1 ( 0<α<1 )). Sehingga arus listrik yang dihantarkan tidak semuanya
atau hanya sebagian arus listrik yang dihantarkan. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan
lampu yang menyala redup atau tidak menyala tetapi terdapat gelembung-gelembung
gas pada electrode.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan gula ( C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>
) termasuk larutan nonelektrolit, karena jika dilarutkan dalam air atau pelarut
lainnya tidak membentuk ion-ion, melainkan terlarut sebagai molekul gula.
Sehingga larutan gula tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik yang ditunjukkan
dengan lampu yang tidak menyala dan tidak terdapat gelembung-gelembung gas pada
electrode.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh
larutan elektrolit dan non elektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¯<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan Elektrolit :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan Elektrolit Kuat</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifCZM0k5ykoi3qE8_CsbgCFMvbHnCepK_8JlD0CDEaNH-_wjTsEuH13MhDN3_k5g4V-nq4Naz9Lep_b07mxUpApVT49faTntrO7DjEaE0qsY-_AhXoZE5aXovorfvzo01yIB5W82rZDbJQ/s1600/hacl-naoh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifCZM0k5ykoi3qE8_CsbgCFMvbHnCepK_8JlD0CDEaNH-_wjTsEuH13MhDN3_k5g4V-nq4Naz9Lep_b07mxUpApVT49faTntrO7DjEaE0qsY-_AhXoZE5aXovorfvzo01yIB5W82rZDbJQ/s320/hacl-naoh.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> gambar : HCl dan NaOH</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Klorida ( HCl )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Sulfat ( H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Bromida ( HBr )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Nitrat ( HNO<sub>3</sub> )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Perklorat ( HClO<sub>4 </sub>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Basa </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Natrium
Hidroksida ( NaOH )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kalium
Hidroksida ( KOH )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kalsium
Hidroksida ( Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Barium
Hidroksida ( Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Garam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Natrium
Klorida / garam dapur ( NaCl )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Natrium
Sulfat ( Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Magnesium
Sulfat ( MgSO<sub>4</sub> )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kalsium
Klorida ( CaCl<sub>2</sub> )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aluminium
Sulfat ( Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan Elektrolit Lemah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Asetat ( CH<sub>3</sub>COOH )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Fluorida ( HF )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
fosfat ( H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
Sulfit ( H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3 </sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Basa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Amonium
Hidroksida (NH<sub>4</sub>OH )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aluminium
Hidroksida ( Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Besi
(II) Hidroksida ( Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Magnesium
Hidroksida ( Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¯<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan Nonelektrolit :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan
gula ( C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alkohol
( C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Urea
( CO(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; mso-text-indent-alt: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.6pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Glukosa
( C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori
Ionisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori
Ionisasi dikemukakan oleh Svante August Arrhenius ( 1859-1927 ). Berdasarkan
percobaannya, diketahui bahwa jika arus listrik dialirkan pada suatu larutan
akan terjadi proses ionisasi ( penguraian ) yang menghasilkan ion-ion. Ion yang
bermuatan positif disebut kation, sedangkan yang bermuatan negative disebut
anion. Penguraian ini bisa juga terjadi pada zat padat ionic yang
dilelehkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikatan ion terputus pada
saat pelelehan dan terurai menjadi ion-ion yang bergerak bebas. Kehadiran
ion-ion yang bergerak bebas inilah yang memungkinkan suatu larutan dapat
menghantarkan listrik. Misalnya senyawa NaCl<sub>(l)</sub>, KCl<sub>(l)</sub>, dan
CaO<sub>(l)</sub> dapat menghantarkan arus listrik, tetapi NaCl<sub>(s)</sub>,
KCl<sub>(s)</sub>, CaO<sub>(s)</sub> tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> gambar : proses ionisasi pada larutan NaCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh
beberapa reaksi ionisasi dari larutan-larutan elektrolit adalah sebagai
berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reaksi
ionisasi pada larutan elektrolit kuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 224px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251691008;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" style="cursor: move;" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: H<sub>x</sub>Z<sub>(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>xH<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+
Z<sup>x-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 172px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251694080;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HCl<sub>(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + Cl<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 188px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251695104;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 174px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251698176;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HBr<sub>(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ Br<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 188px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251697152;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HNO<sub>3(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 188px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251696128;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HClO<sub>4(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)
</sub>+ ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 240px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251692032;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Basa
: M(OH)<sub>x(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>M<sup>x+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + xOH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 188px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251702272;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NaOH<sub>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)
</sub>+ OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 180px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251701248;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KOH<sub>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>K<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)
</sub>+ OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 204px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251700224;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ca(OH)<sub>2(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ca<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> +
2 OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 202px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251699200;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ba(OH)<sub>2(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>Ba<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ 2 OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 231px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251693056;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Garam
: M<sub>x</sub>Z<sub>y(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>xM<sup>y+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + yZ<sup>x-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 180px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251703296;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NaCl<sub>(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + Cl<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 196px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251704320;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 190px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251705344;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MgSO<sub>4(aq)
</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mg<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)
</sub>+ SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 190px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251706368;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CaCl<sub>2(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>Ca<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)
</sub>+ 2Cl<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 209px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251707392;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>2Al<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)
</sub>+ 3SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reaksi
ionisasi pada larutan elektrolit lemah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 223px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251709440;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 227px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251708416;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asam
: H<sub>x</sub>Z<sub>(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>xH<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ Z<sup>x-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 215px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251712512;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251716608;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; left: 219px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 33px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="33" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH<sub>(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 168px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251713536;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 171px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251717632;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HF<sub>(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + F<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 192px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251714560;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 195px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251718656;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4(aq) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>3H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 187px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251715584;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 192px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251719680;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>2H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 244px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251711488;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 249px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251710464;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Basa
: M(OH)<sub>x(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>M<sup>x+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ xOH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 193px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251724800;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image015.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 197px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251720704;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NH<sub>4</sub>OH<sub>(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 198px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251725824;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251721728;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; left: 200px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 33px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="33" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Al(OH)<sub>3(aq)
</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+
3OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 197px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251726848;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 201px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251722752;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fe(OH)<sub>2(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)
</sub>+ 2OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 203px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251727872;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 207px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251723776;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mg(OH)<sub>2(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>Mg<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ 2OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manfaat Larutan Elektrolit Dalam
Kehidupan Sehari-Hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Larutan
elektrolit banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, diantaranya sebagai
berikut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk
mencari ikan dengan cara mengalirkan listrik pada air sungai dan kolam sehingga
ikan-ikan yang hidup di sungai atau kolam tersebut mati karena tersengat
listrik. Sebagai elektrolitnya adalah air sungai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk
membuat batu baterai. Pada sel kering ( batu baterai ) menggunakan NH<sub>4</sub>Cl
dan MnO<sub>2</sub> sebagai elektrolitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada
sel aki menggunakan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> sebagai elektrolitnya.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKpAECX-d5YVAqnNazqbLHQXXbuHn69KRb6FChNBjjXP4KFbW5Fw31DiW_YonuV0zoMl_we3xc08wUG-CZLPKrbYxLYz-Q4EB5w8I65rBgMr9fhdtcor8lYG0g6ABIhwznloZx1LVxgra7/s1600/battery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKpAECX-d5YVAqnNazqbLHQXXbuHn69KRb6FChNBjjXP4KFbW5Fw31DiW_YonuV0zoMl_we3xc08wUG-CZLPKrbYxLYz-Q4EB5w8I65rBgMr9fhdtcor8lYG0g6ABIhwznloZx1LVxgra7/s320/battery.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
gambar : pemanfaatan larutan asam sulfat pada aki.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada
baterai alkalin menggunakan KOH sebagai elektrolitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk
memurnikan logam, seperti memurnikan tembaga kotor menggunakan larutan CuSO<sub>4</sub>
sebagai elektrolitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk
penyepuhan ( electroplating ) logam, seperti penyepuhan sendok dengan perak
menggunakan larutan perak nitrat sebagai larutan elektrolitnya.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-32971137601935626102012-08-26T22:15:00.001-07:002014-05-17T23:04:43.216-07:00gede.pradnyana's note: Geografiii_Relief daratan dan Relief dasar laut.<a href="http://gede-prad.blogspot.com/2012/08/geografiiirelief-daratan-dan-relief.html?spref=bl">gede.pradnyana's note: Geografiii_Relief daratan dan Relief dasar laut.</a>: Relief Daratan dan Relief Dasar Laut a. Pendahuluan. Bumi seperti bawang yang terdiri dari beberapa lapis. Planet bumi terdir...Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-52105191115000123772012-08-26T22:13:00.000-07:002014-05-17T23:05:08.254-07:00Geografiii_Relief daratan dan Relief dasar laut.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Relief
Daratan dan Relief Dasar Laut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendahuluan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bumi
seperti bawang yang terdiri dari beberapa lapis. Planet bumi terdiri dari
bola-bola konsentris yang dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian utama, yaitu kerak
bumi ( kulit bumi ), mantel bumi, dan inti bumi. Mantl terdiri dari dua bagian
yaitu mantel atas dan mantel bawah yang dipisahkan oleh lapisan peralihan.
Demikian juga inti dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu inti luar dan inti dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan
kulit bumi sering disebut <b>litosfer</b>. Berasal dari kata <i>litos</i> artinya
batu, <i>sfeer </i>atau <i>sphaira</i> artinya bulatan. Jadi litosfer adalah
lapisan kerak bumi atau kulit bumi yang terdiri dari batu-batuanan yang keras
dan tanah, sedangkan tanah itu sendiri berasal dari batuan yang melapuk.<span style="color: blue; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Batu-batuan pembentuk lapisan kerak bumi ini
banyak mengandung mineral-mineral yang berbentuk kristal dan hablur. Selain itu
ada juga beberapa jenis logam.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXJzph6W3U_FlhSRu8v-YTKU5gVhC31fiT8XBgGGTL0btdywv4r29DIdpHLXCbwLrkGyTDZTzpPXV6wArhipoegPjJUx21ERNtDiykZKJ75nfRgQTqU4EAkdVaQG_V9zsHveavhqaliEN8/s1600/struktur+lapisan+bumi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXJzph6W3U_FlhSRu8v-YTKU5gVhC31fiT8XBgGGTL0btdywv4r29DIdpHLXCbwLrkGyTDZTzpPXV6wArhipoegPjJUx21ERNtDiykZKJ75nfRgQTqU4EAkdVaQG_V9zsHveavhqaliEN8/s320/struktur+lapisan+bumi.jpg" height="303" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Permukaan
bumi memiliki kenampakan alam yang sangat beragam. Tidak hanya di permukaan,
tetapi di dalam bumi pun terdapat proses yang masih berlanjut sampai saat ini.
Kenampakan alam di permukaan bumi antara lain dipengaruhi oleh tenaga-tenaga
pembentuk muka bumi, baik yang berasal dari dalam bumi ( tenaga endogen )
maupun tenaga yang berasal dari luar bumi ( eksogen ). Tenaga tersebut membentuk
dan mengubah kenampakan alam yang ada. Hal itu berdampak pada bentang dan
aktivitas penduduk yang ada didalamnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akibat
dari tenaga-tenaga endogen dan tenaga eksogen, terbentuklah relief-relief
permukaan bumi, baik di daratan maupun di dasar laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Relief
Muka Bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengertian
Relief.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relief adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bentuk kekasaran permukaan bumi, baik berupa tonjolan,
dataran, atau cekungan yang terjadi karena adanya pengaruh tenaga-tenaga
pembentuk muka bumi, baik tenaga endogen maupun tenaga eksogen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jenis-Jenis
Relief</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Relief
dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Relief
Darat.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH7axnuXbomekVaA1CFPj36PkyFDXkEF6a5Hb3h7kHE1WPCZyFIWSmkTxZUDqyNG3JmTSzRRLx1_eRWdQmkk9EAs7WgwKl1ZzO620O8y3dKFePd1W1Z95fKNswIPV7RKYJi2Qz58XnEpWI/s1600/relief.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH7axnuXbomekVaA1CFPj36PkyFDXkEF6a5Hb3h7kHE1WPCZyFIWSmkTxZUDqyNG3JmTSzRRLx1_eRWdQmkk9EAs7WgwKl1ZzO620O8y3dKFePd1W1Z95fKNswIPV7RKYJi2Qz58XnEpWI/s320/relief.jpg" height="215" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relief
daratan adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bentuk
kekasaran permukaan bumi, baik berupa tonjolan, dataran, atau cekungan yang
terdapat di wilayah daratan permukaan bumi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Relief darat akan
selalu berubah dari waktu ke waktu dan hal ini juga akan menyebabkan perubahan
pola hidup makhluk yang tinggal di permukaan bumi tersebut. Perubahan bentuk
permukaan bumi dikarenakan adanya tenaga endogen, yaitu tenaga yang berasal
dari dalam bumi. Dan juga tenaga eksogen, yang merupakan tenaga yang berasal
dari luar bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Relief antara daratan satu dengan
daratan lainnya tidak sama, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan adanya relief daratan yang
tidak sama, maka juga akan mempengaruhi kehidupan pada suatu wilayah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adapun
macam-macam relief daratan di permukaan bumi adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dataran Rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dataran
rendah merupakan suatu bentang alam tanpa banyak memiliki perbedaan ketinggian
antara tempat yang satu dengan tempat yang lain. Dataran rendah
diidentifikasikan sebagai relief daratan yang mempunyai ketinggian antara 0-200
m di atas permukaan laut. Di Indonesia banyak kita jumpai wilayah dataran
rendah yang terjadi dari hasil sedimentasi material ( tanah ) yang dibawa oleh
sungai-sungai ke muara. Oleh karena itu, daerah ini juga disebut dataran alluvial.
Misalnya, dataran alluvial di Sumatera bagian timur, jawa bagian utara,
Kalimantan barat, kalimanatan selatan, Kalimantan timur serta irian jaya bagian
barat dan utara. Di pulau-pulau lain juga terdapat alluvial, tetapi ukurannya sempit.
Daerah dataran alluvial memiliki penduduk lebih padat jika dibandingakn dengan
daerah pegunungan, karena dataran alluvial biasanya merupakan daerah subur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk
muka bumi berupa dataran rendah digambarkan menggunakan symbol area berwarna
hijau. Pewarnaan hijau tersebut dapat dipecah lagi menjadi beberapa tingkatan
warna, misalnya warna hijau untuk ketinggian antara 0-100m dan warna hijau muda
untuk ketinggian antara 100-200m di atas permukaan laut. Pada peta topografi,
dataran rendah dicirikan dengan penggambaran garis kontur yang jarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dataran Tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dataran tinggi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (disebut juga <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">plateau</span>
atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">plato</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diidentifikasikan
sebagai relief daratan yang relative landai dengan ketinggian antara 200-1000 m
di atas permukaan air laut. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dataran tinggi terbentuk sebagai hasil </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosi" title="Erosi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">erosi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentasi" title="Sedimentasi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sedimentasi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Beberapa
dataran tinggi antara lain </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Tinggi_Dekkan" title="Dataran Tinggi Dekkan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dataran
Tinggi Dekkan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Tinggi_Gayo" title="Dataran Tinggi Gayo"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dataran
Tinggi Gayo</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Tinggi_Dieng" title="Dataran Tinggi Dieng"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dataran
Tinggi Dieng</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dataran_Tinggi_Malang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dataran Tinggi Malang (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dataran Tinggi Malang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dataran_Tinggi_Alas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dataran Tinggi Alas (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dataran Tinggi Alas</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dataran
tinggi bisa juga terjadi oleh bekas </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldera" title="Kaldera"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kaldera</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> luas, yang
tertimbun material dari lereng gunung sekitarnya. Dataran tinggi dari kategori
terakhir ini antara lain adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Tinggi_Dieng" title="Dataran Tinggi Dieng"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dataran
Tinggi Dieng</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jawa Tengah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dataran
tinggi digambarkan dengan menggunakan symbol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>area kuning atau cokelat muda. Pada peta topografi, penggambaran dataran
tinggi digambarkan dengan garis kontur yang agak jarang, namun memiliki angka
penunjuk kontur yang besar ( antara 200-1000 meter ).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kawasan Pegunungan atau Perbukitan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pegunungan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan
kumpulan atau barisan gunung.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kawasan pegunungan diidentifikasikan
sebagai daratan yang memiliki kemiringan lereng yang relative lebih besar bila
dibandingkan dengan dataran dan mempunyai ketinggian di atas 1000 meter. Adapun
perbukitan adalah daerah dengan kondisi sama dengan pegunungan, namun memiliki
ketinggian yang lebih rendah ( </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">antara
200 sampai 300 meter )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Karena kemiringan lerengnya yang
relative besar, maka kawasan ini bila digambarkan dengan peta kontur akan
memiliki garis-garis kontur yang relative rapat satu sama lain. Adapun pada
peta umum, kawasan ini digambarkan dengan symbol area berwarna cokelat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Indonesia terdapat beberapa deretan pegunungan, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deretan pegunungan Sunda, yaitu
deretan pegunungan yang berjajar dari Pulau Sumatera, Jawa, Nusatenggara,
Maluku Selatan dan berakhir di Pulau Banda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deretan Sirkum Australia,
yaitu deretan pegunungan yang berjajar dari Australia, ujung timur Pulau Irian,
masuk melalui bagian tengah Irian dengan puncak tertinggi Jayawijaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deretan pegunungan Sangihe, yaitu
deretan pegunungan yang membujur dari Kepulauan Sangihe (Sulawesi Utara), masuk
ke Minahasa, Teluk Gorontalo (dengan Gunung Una-Una yang sering meletus) hingga
Sulawesi Selatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deretan Pegunungan Halmahera,
yaitu deretan pegunungan yang berderet mulai dari Pulau Talaut, Pulau Maju dan
Tifor di Maluku Utara, masuk ke Halmahera serta Pulau Ternate dan Tidore,
berbelok ke timur hingga Kepala Burung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deretan Pegunungan Kalimantan,
deretan ini bermula dari Pulau Palawan (Filipina) kemudian masuk ke Kalimantan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gunung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gunung
merupakan bentuk relief muka bumi yang menonjol. Pada umumnya, memiliki
ketinggian di atas 1000 meter. Dalam peta, gunung digambarkan dengan symbol
segitiga berwarna merah untuk gunung berapi dan segitiga berwarna hitam untuk
gunung mati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rawa, danau, dan waduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rawa
merupakan wilayah daratan yang digenangi air, biasanya berada di daratan rendah
atau didaerah pantai. Adapun danau adalah daratan luas yang digenangi air,
sedangkan waduk adalah danau buatan. Danau dan waduk biasanya terdapat di
daerah dataran tinggi. Pada peta, danau dan waduk digambarkan dengan symbol
area berwarna biru. Sedangkan rawa digambarkan dengan area berwarna hijau
dengan garis putus-putus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungai
merupakan jalur atau penampang yang dilalui oleh air dari hulu ke hilir. Pada
umumnya sungai memiliki mata air atau berhulu di kawasan pegunungan atau
dataran tinggi dan bermuara di lautan. Pada peta, aliran sungai digambarkan
dengan garis yang berkelok-kelok berwarna biru. Sementara itu, pada peta
kontur, sungai digambarkan dengan garis yang memotong pola kontur dengan arah
kontur membelok kearah hulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pantai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 138.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pantai</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, adalah bagian dari darat yang
terdekat dengan laut. Garis pantai adalah garis batas antara laut dan darat.
Tepi pasir atau pesisir adalah bagian dari darat yang tergenang air ketika
pasang naik dan kering ketika surut. Daratan yang terletak di tepi laut disebut
pantai. Di daerah pantai dikenal berbagai bentuk muka bumi sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teluk</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu laut yang menjorok ke daratan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanjung
atau ujung</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu daratan yang menjorok ke
laut. Ujung yang sangat panjang dinamakan jazirah atau semenanjung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Delta</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, tanah endapan di muara sungai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gosong</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pulau yang tergenang ketika laut pasang dan muncul ke
permukaan ketika air laut surut disebut gosong (gosong pasir).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Relief
Dasar Laut.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relief dasar
laut adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bentuk
kekasaran permukaan bumi, baik berupa tonjolan atau cekungan yang terdapat di
wilayah dasar laut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbeda
dengan relief daratan yang mudah digambarkan karena dapat dilihat dari atas,
relief lautan relative lebih sulit ditentukan. Pada umumnya, lautan digambarkan
dengan symbol area berwarna biru. Seperti juga halnya dengan wilayah daratan,
penggambaran warna tersebut juga dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa tingkatan
warna berikut ini. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
beberapa peta terdapat warna biru gelap untuk menunjukan letak suatu palung dan
warna putih kelabu untuk menunjukan perairan es. Terkadang juga terdapat tanda
4.255, artinya laut tersebut mempunyai kedalaman 4.255 meter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seperti
halnya bentuk muka bumi di daratan yang beranekaragam, bentuk muka bumi di
lautan juga beragam. Bedanya bentuk muka bumi di lautan tidak seruncing dan
sekasar relief di daratan. Keadaan ini akibat dari erosi dan pengupasan oleh
arus laut. Bentuk-bentuk muka bumi di lautan adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan Kontinen ( continental shelf )</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan
Kontinen ( continental shelf ) adalah wilayah laut yang dangkal di sepanjang
pantai dengan kedalaman kurang dari 200 meter, dengan kemiringan kira-kira 8,4%
atau sekitar 0<sup>o</sup>7’ atau 2m/km. Landas kontinen merupakan dasar laut
dangkal di sepanjang pantai dan menjadi bagian dari daratan. Contohnya Landas
Kontinental Benua Eropa Barat sepanjang 250 km kea rah barat. Dangkalan sahul
yang merupakan bagian dari benua Australia dan Pulau Irian, Landas kontinen
dari Siberia kea rah laut Arktik sejauh 100 km, dan Dangkalan Sunda yang
merupakan bagian dari Benua Asia yang terletak antara Pulau Kalimantan, Jawa,
dan Sumatera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lereng benua ( continental slope ) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lereng
benua ( continental slope ) merupakan kelanjutan dari continental shelf dengan
kemiringan antara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4% sampai 6%.
Kedalaman lereng benua lebih dari 200 meter. Daerah ini meluas dari patahan
beting sampai pada kedalaman rata-rata 2 km. daerahnya curam dengan kemiringan
rata-rata 40<sup>o</sup>17’ atau 1 : 2 sampai 1 : 40, dan mencakup luas 13%
dari luas permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanjakan
Kontinental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah ini adalah transisi antara
benua dengan samudra, mempunyai kemiringan 1 : 50 sampai 1 : 800 dengan
rata-rata 1 : 150. Tanjakan continental merupakan tempat pengumpulan sedimen
yang berasal dari benua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 138.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dasar Samudra, ( ocean floor ), meliputi
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 174.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deep Sea Plain, yaitu dataran dasar laut
dalam dengan kedalaman lebih dari 1000 meter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 174.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Deep, yaitu dasar laut yang terdalam
yang berbentuk palung laut ( trog ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada ocean floor terdapat relief
bentukan antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gunung laut, yaitu gunung yang kakinya
berada di dasar laut sedangkan badan puncaknya muncul ke atas permukaan laut
dan merupakan sebuah pulau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : Gunung
Krakatau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seamount, yaitu gunung di dasar laut
dengan lereng yang curam dan berpuncak runcing serta kemungkinan mempunyai
tinggi sampai 1 km atau lebih tetapi tidak sampai ke permukaan laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : St.
Helena, Azores da Ascension di laut Atlantik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guyot, yaitu gunung di dasar laut yang
bentuknya serupa dengan seamount tetapi bagian puncaknya datar. Banyak terdapat
di lautan pasifik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Punggung laut ( ridge ), yaitu punggung
pegunungan yang ada di dasar laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh :
punggung laut Sibolga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ambang laut ( drempel ), yaitu
pegunungan di dasar laut yang terletak diantara dua laut dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : ambang
laut sulu, ambang laut Sulawesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lubuk laut ( basin ), yaitu dasar laut
yang bentuknya bulat cekung yang terjadi karena ingresi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : lubuk
laut sulu, lubuk laut Sulawesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Palung laut ( trog ), yaitu lembah yang
dalam dan memanjang di dasar laut terjadi karena ingresi. Palung laut terjadi
karena adanya tabrakan antar lempeng ( subduksi ) yang sangat kuat antar
lempeng-lempengnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : palung
Sunda, Palung Mindanao, Palung Mariana.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesimpulan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Permukaan bumi memiliki
kenampakan alam yang sangat beragam. Tidak hanya di permukaan, tetapi di dalam
bumi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kenampakan alam di permukaan bumi
antara lain dipengaruhi oleh tenaga-tenaga pembentuk muka bumi, baik yang
berasal dari dalam bumi ( tenaga endogen ) maupun tenaga yang berasal dari luar
bumi ( eksogen ). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari tenaga-tenaga endogen dan
eksogen tersebut dihasilkan relief-relief permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relief adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bentuk kekasaran permukaan bumi, baik berupa tonjolan,
dataran, atau cekungan yang terjadi karena adanya pengaruh tenaga-tenaga
pembentuk muka bumi, baik tenaga endogen maupun tenaga eksogen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Relief terbagi menjadi relief
daratan dan relief dasar laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Relief daratan dibagi menjadi
Dataran rendah, dataran tinggi, kawasan pegunungan dan perbukitan, gunung,
danau, rawa, waduk, sungai, dan pantai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Relief dasar laut dibagi menjadi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Landasan
Kontinen ( continental shelf ), Lereng benua ( continental slope ), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanjakan Kontinental, dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dasar
Samudra, ( ocean floor ).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-49073635677998546562012-08-23T05:53:00.001-07:002014-05-17T23:05:38.763-07:00gede.pradnyana's note: SISTEM EKONOMI "TRADISIONAL"<a href="http://gede-prad.blogspot.com/2012/08/sistem-ekonomi-tradisional.html?spref=bl">gede.pradnyana's note: SISTEM EKONOMI "TRADISIONAL"</a>: SISTEM EKONOMI TRADISIONAL A. Pengertian Sistem Ekonomi Tradisional. Sistem ekonomi tradisional adalah sistem ekonomi yang dij...Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-14650692269821471312012-08-21T23:31:00.001-07:002012-08-21T23:31:58.243-07:00gede.pradnyana's note: SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN ISP<a href="http://gede-prad.blogspot.com/2012/08/soal-dan-pembahasan-isp.html?spref=bl">gede.pradnyana's note: SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN ISP</a>: SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN ISP 1. Apakah fungsi modem? Jawab: Modem merupakan singkatan dari modulator demodulator. Sesuai dengan nam...Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-75767790130391167302012-08-21T23:28:00.001-07:002014-05-17T23:05:58.562-07:00gede.pradnyana's note: BANK SENTRAL DAN LEMBAGA KEUANGAN BUKAN BANK<a href="http://gede-prad.blogspot.com/2012/08/bank-sentral-dan-lembaga-keuangan-bukan.html?spref=bl">gede.pradnyana's note: BANK SENTRAL DAN LEMBAGA KEUANGAN BUKAN BANK</a>: BANK SENTRAL DAN LEMBAGA KEUANGAN BUKAN BANK 1. Bank. a. Pengertian Bank. Kata bank berasal dari bahasa Italia, yaitu...Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-68802722607825733472012-08-21T00:32:00.002-07:002014-05-17T23:06:15.858-07:00SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN ISP<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN ISP</b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apakah
fungsi modem?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jawab:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modem
merupakan singkatan dari modulator demodulator. Sesuai dengan namanya, modem
berfungsi sebagai modulator dan demodulator. Sebagai modulator, modem menerima
rangkaian pulsa biner dari perangkat-perangkat komputer, kemudian modem
memodulasi karakteristik sinyal dialog agar dapat disalurkan melalui saluran
telepon atau cable lines. Sebagai demodulator, modem menerima sinyal dan
mendemodulasikannya ( memisahkan sinyal yang menumpanginya ) sehingga dapat
dibaca oleh komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jelaskan
cara memilih modem yang baik!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara
memilih modem yang baik adalah dengan memperhatikan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jawab:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kecepatan transmisi.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sekurang-kurangnya dapat melayani volume data yang
dikirimkan dengan kecepatan yang memadai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Turn around time.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Turn around time adalah proses dua arah dan
pengubahan data dalam pengiriman dan pengambilan data dari internet. Modem
harus memiliki kemampuan Turn around time yang memadai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Error susceptibility.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memiliki daya tahan terhadap error/hang yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Biaya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Biaya tidak harus mahal, tetapi memiliki kemampuan
dan kehandalan sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompresi.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompresi adalah kemampuan modem untuk mengkompres
atau memadatkan kapasitas data menjadi semakin kecil sehingga diharapkan data
akan semakin cepat untuk dapat diterjemahkan menjadi denyut elektronis yang
pada akhirnya akan dapat ditransfer lebih cepat ke dalam komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Error Corection</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modem harus memiliki kemampuan error correction yang
dapat mendeteksi dan mengkoreksi error yang ditimbulkan sebagai akibat
pengiriman melalui jaringan telepon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apakah
yang dimaksud dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Internal modem?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Internal modem adalah modem yang
pemasangannya/letaknya berada di dalam CPU, bentuknya seperti kartu yang ditancapkan
pada slot AGP atau slot PCI</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Eksternal modem?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Eksternal modem adalah modem yang letaknya berada di
luar komputer sehingga mudah untuk dibawa dan dipindahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apakah
yang dimaksud dengan ISP?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jawab:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ISP (
Internet Service Provider ) adalah perusahaan yang menawarkan dan menyediakan
layanan akses internet ke kalangan umum dengan mengenakan biaya. Atau secara
singkatnya, ISP ( Internet Service Provider ) adalah penyedia layanan internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jelaskan
cara memilih ISP!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jawab:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara
memilih ISP adalah dengan memperhatikan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemampuan bandwidth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ISP harus memiliki kemampuan bandwidth yang memadai
untuk digunakan untuk mengakses internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kapasitas jaringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ISP harus memiliki kapasitas jaringan yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akses pulsa lokal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kehandalan dan keamanan jaringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ISP harus memiliki kehandalan dan keamanan jaringan
yang memadai untuk mencegah bocornya informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selain itu, ISP juga harus:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memiliki izin resmi Ditjen Postel
Depkominfo RI seperti izin prinsip, izin layak operasi, dan izin
penyelenggaraan modern.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memiliki SLA ( Service Level
Agreement ) setidaknya 95% dalam sebulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memiliki layanan 24 jam sehari, 7
hari seminggu, dan 365 hari setahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memiliki tenaga dukungan teknis (
technical support ) yang melayani 24 jam sehari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memiliki kantor resmi atau
perwakilan di kota yang bersangkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memiliki kontrak layanan minimal
sesuai dengan SLA untuk memudahkan proses hokum, berlangganan, mekanisme
complain dan restitusi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tergabung dalam asosiasi PJI. Di
Indonesia disebut Asosiasi Penyelenggaraan Jasa Internet Indonesia ( APJII ) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berikan
lima contoh ISP yang ada saat ini!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jawab:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh ISP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Telkom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Biznet ( PT. Supra Primatama
Nusantara ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asia PAsific Internet Company.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bozz.com ( PT. Bitnet
Komunikasindo )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Global Extreme ( PT. Internet
Madju Abad Milenindo ).</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-30022158032854824322012-08-21T00:31:00.000-07:002014-05-17T23:06:38.520-07:00SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN TIK "INTERNET"<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251658240;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 575px; position: absolute; top: -82px; width: 80px;"><img alt="Oval: 1" height="44" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="80" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SOAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pilihan
Ganda</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Internet pada mulanya disebut…</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ARPANET</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">APARNET</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">APRANET</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PARANET</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RAPANET</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan awal dibentuknya ARPANET adalah
untuk keperluan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Politik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekonomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Militer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebudayaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fasilitas
internet yang digunakan untuk melakukan transfer file dari satu komputer ke
komputer lain adalah…</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">www</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FTP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Milist
( Mailing List )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">News
Group</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IRC
( Internet Relay Chat )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatikan pernyataan berikut!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan
komunikasi modem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komputer
pengguna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaringan
telepon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Server
tujuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal-hal yang mempengaruhi kecepatan
akses internet adalah…</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
dan 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,
2, dan 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 578px; position: absolute; top: -82px; width: 80px;"><img alt="Oval: 2" height="44" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.gif" width="80" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,
2, 3, dan 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,
2, 3, 4, 5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi dari ISP adalah…</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyedia
jasa layanan internet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyediakan
halaman internet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerbang
untuk masuk internet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin
pencari halaman internet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan
halaman internet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Esay</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
perangkat lunak yang sering dipakai untuk mengakses internet dan berikan
contohnya!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
yang dimaksud dengan …</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E-mail</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Browsing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gopher</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">www</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FTP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
dan jelaskan pembagian model koneksi internet!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
yang dimaksud dengan mesin pencari ( search engine ) dan berikan contohnya!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
dan jelaskan jenis-jenis e-mail!</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251660288;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 578px; position: absolute; top: -81px; width: 80px;"><img alt="Oval: 3" height="44" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="80" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>PEMBAHASAN</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pilihan Ganda</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Internet
pada awalnya dibentuk oleh Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat pada tahun
1969, melalui proyek ARPA yang kemudian disebut ARPANET ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Advanced Research Project Agency Network </i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawaban : A</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
awal dibentuknya internet ( ARPANET ) oleh Departemen Pertahanan Amerika
Serikat adalah untuk <u>keperluan militer. </u>Pada saat itu, Departemen
Pertahanan Amerika Serikat ( US <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Department
of Defense </i>) membuat sistem jaringan komputer yang tersebar dengan
menghubungkan komputer di daerah-daerah vital untuk mengatasi masalah bila
terjadi serangan nuklir dan untuk menghindari terjadinya informasi terpusat,
yang apabila terjadi perang dapat mudah dihancurkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawaban : D</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">www ( World Wide Web )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah layanan yang menyediakan informasi yang dapat diakses dan ditampilkan
secara langsung di komputer client dengan menggunakan protocol HTTP ( Hypertext
Transfer Protocol ) dan program aplikasi browser internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FTP ( File Transfer Protocol )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
adalah fasilitas yang digunakan untuk melakukan transfer file dari satu
komputer ke komputer lainnya di internet dengan menggunakan konsep <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">client server</i>. Dalam hal ini, sebagai
pengguna komputer client, kita bisa mengkopi file yang tersedia pada komputer
server di internet menggunakan layanan FTP.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Milist ( Mailing List )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
merupakan sebuah alamat e-mail yang didalamnya berisi kumpulan beberapa alamat
e-mail anggota.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">News Group</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
merupakan aplikasi internet hampir sama dengan mailing list, yang memungkinkan
seseorang untuk dapat melakukan diskusi dengan orang lain mengenai topic
tertentu dalam sebuah forum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251661312;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 580px; position: absolute; top: -79px; width: 80px;"><img alt="Oval: 4" height="44" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="80" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IRC ( Internet Relay Chat )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
merupakan aplikasi internet yang memungkinkan seseorang dapat melakukan
percakapan dengan orang lain secara langsung dengan menggunakan keyboard.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawaban : B</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi kecepatan akses internet adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan
komunikasi modem</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran
kecepatan komunikasi sebuah modem menunjukkan salah satu diantara dua hal
koneksi, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan
komunikasi dari komputer ke modem</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan
komunikasi dari modem di komputer kita ke modem ISP yang dihubungi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mendapatkan kecepatan efektif modem sesuai dengan ukuran kecepatan yang
dimiliki perlu diperhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memastikan
modem yang akan digunakan sudah di install dengan driver yang tepat dari
pembuat dan telah ter-up date.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan
menggunakan driver yang berbeda merek karena bila digunakan performa modem
tersebut akan menurun dan tidak stabil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan
menset modem melampaui batas maksimal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komputer
pengguna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah
koneksi pada perangkat komputer bisa berasal dari perangkat keras komputer
maupun dari perangkat lunak komputer yang di install, sistem operasi yang tidak
stabil juga bisa mengganggu koneksi internet, misalnya komputer tiba-tiba hang,
cara mengatasinya adalah dengan di install ulang dengan menggunakan CD
installer asli yang dilengkapi dengan nomor lesensi yang benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat melakukan koneksi internet, sebaiknya jangan terlalu banyak membuka
aplikasi lain selain browser agar kerja komputer tidak terlalu berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaringan
telepon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas
koneksi dial up juga bergantung pada kondisi jaringan telepon yang kita pakai.
Kabel telepon yang rusak atau lecet bagian pelindungnya bisa menurunkan
kualitas koneksi. Di samping itu juga, penggunaan telepon pararel juga dapat
menurunkan kinerja koneksi komputer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251662336;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 577px; position: absolute; top: -80px; width: 80px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
sisi ISP, gangguan koneksi bisa berupa saluran sedang sibuk, biasanya terjadi
pada jam-jam kerja di siang hari karena banyak pengguna yang mengakses internet
terutama dari pertokoan. Maka dari itu, cobalah untuk melakukan akses internet
pada pagi atau malam hari sebelum dan sesudah jam kantor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Server
tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadang
kala kita mengalami akses yang lambat ke situs tertentu. Hal ini kemungkinan
disebabkan karena jalur ke server tujuan sedang popular sehingga banyak yang
mengunjunginya. Beban lalu lintas yang padat ini biasanya diatasi oleh ISP
dengan menggunakan Proxy server yang berfungsi menyimpan sementara informasi
atau situs yang sering dikunjungi oleh pelanggannnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawaban : D</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISP
( Internet Service Provider ) merupakan perusahaan yang menawarkan dan
menyediakan layanan internet ke kalangan umum dengan mengenakan biasaya.
Fungsinya sebagai penyedia layanan internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawaban : A</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Esay</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perangkat
lunak yang sering dipakai untuk mengakses internet adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Browser</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
merupakan perangkat lunak yang digunakan untuk mengakses web, seperti membuka
halaman web dan membuka menu-menu di dalamnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Internet
explorer, Opera, Mozilla firefox, Netscape Navigator, dll</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Software transfer data</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
adalah software yang digunakan untuk transfer data dari komputer satu ke
komputer yang lain di internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Cute FTP, Gozilla, WSFTP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Software akses e-mail ( surat
elektronik )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah software yang digunakan untuk
mengirimkan surat secara elektronik melalui internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Outlook
Express, Netscape Mail, dll</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251663360;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 579px; position: absolute; top: -79px; width: 80px;"></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chatting</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
adalah software yang digunakan untuk melakukan percakapan di internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yahoo
Messenger, MiRC, dan ICQ</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E-mail</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah fasilitas yang digunakan untuk komunikasi antar pengguna internet
melalui surat elektronik, yaitu surat dalam bentuk file yang bisa dibuka/dibaca
di komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Browsing</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah kegiatan atau aktifitas menjelajahi situs di internet untuk mendapatkan
informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gopher</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah suatu fasilitas dimana pemakai dapat mengakses informasi di komputer
yang berbeda namun hanya berbasis text.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">www ( World Wide Web )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah layanan yang menyediakan informasi yang dapat diakses dan ditampilkan
secara langsung di komputer client dengan menggunakan protocol HTTP ( Hypertext
Transfer Protocol ) dan program aplikasi browser internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FTP ( File Transfer Protocol )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
adalah fasilitas yang digunakan untuk melakukan transfer file dari satu
komputer ke komputer lainnya di internet dengan menggunakan konsep <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">client server.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
umum, model koneksi sebuah komputer dengan jaringan internet dapat dibedakan
menjadi dua jenis, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model
koneksi Shell</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model
koneksi shell adalah model koneksi yang menghubungkan beberapa komputer ke
dalam sebuah server local yang terhubung dengan sebuah server penyedia jasa
layanan internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
dari model koneksi shell adalah dengan menggunakan server local untuk melayani
banyak pemakai dengan keseragaman dan keterbatasan account.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
penyambungan model koneksi shell adalah biaya akses relatif lebih murah karena
biaya akses akan terbagi oleh pemakai atau user. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan
dari penggunaan shell adalah komputer atau user tidak memiliki nama host atau
account sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
model koneksi shell adalah pada jaringan local seperti internet cafee, sekolah,
dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model
konensi PPP ( Protocol to Point Protocol )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251664384;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 579px; position: absolute; top: -78px; width: 80px;"><img alt="Oval: 7" height="44" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="80" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model
koneksi PPP merupakan model koneksi yang menjadikan sebuah komputer menjadi
bagian dari sebuah jaringan internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
model koneksi PPP, sebuah komputer akan terhubung langsung dengan penyedia jasa
layanan internet secara langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan
dari penggunaan model koneksi PPP adalah sebuah komputer akan memiliki alamat
host sendiri, sedangkan kekurangan dari penggunaan jaringan ini adalah biaya
akses yang relatif mahal karena biaya akses internet akan ditanggung sendiri
oleh sebuah komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Search
engine ( mesin pencari ) adalah salah satu fasilitas yang diakses menggunakan
browser untuk mencari informasi tertentu secara cepat di internet. Search
engine menyediakan pencarian informasi menggunakan kata kunci ( key word ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Google</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yahoo</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Live
search</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Webcrawler</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Looksmart</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wisenut,
dan lainnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
tiga jenis e-mail, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">POP
mail ( SMTP/POP3 )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">POP
mail ( Post Office Protocol ) merupakan tipe e-mail yang memungkinkan kita
membacanya secara offline (tidak harus online/terhubung ke internet).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
dapat memanfaatkan fasilitas POP mail secara lengkap, diperlukan software
khusus yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Software mail client</b>¸
seperti : MS. Outlook, MS Outlook Express, Eudora, dan Pegasus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu kelemahan POP mail adalah kita tidak bisa mengakses e-mail di sembarang
komputer, harus di komputer kita dimana terinstall software mail client yang
telah di set dengan benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E-mail
berbasis web ( Webmail )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E-mail
jenis ini merupakan e-mail yang paling banyak ditawarkan oleh berbagai situs
misalnya Yahoo dan Hotmail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251665408;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 579px; position: absolute; top: -78px; width: 80px;"><img alt="Oval: 8" height="44" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="80" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Situs-situs
penyedia layanan webmail biasanya menyediakan akses e-mail gratis dengan
fasilitas terbatas disamping akses e-mail yang lebih lengkap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan
dari e-mail jenis ini adalah untuk mengecek e-mail, kita harus selalu terhubung
ke internet, sehingga membutuhkan biaya untuk menyewa internet jika tidak
memiliki fasilitas e-mail di rumah maupun di kantor. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akses
webmail tidak memerlukan software mail client, sehingga bisa diakses dimana
saja dan kapan saja tanpa memandang browser dan ISP yang digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E-mail
forwarding</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E-mail
jenis ini memiliki prinsip pelayanan e-mail yang meneruskan e-mail yang dikirim
kepadanya ke account e-mail kita yang lain. Kelebihan e-mail jenis ini adalah
kita bisa menyembunyikan alamat e-mail kita yang sesungguhnya.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-11540915054407235732012-08-21T00:28:00.000-07:002014-05-17T23:06:57.938-07:00MANAJEMEN FILE<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MANAJEMEN FILE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apabila
anda membuat suatu dokumen menggunakan aplikasi tertentu, dokumen itu disebut
file. Agar dapat digunakan secara optimal, file tersebut harus diatur.
Fasilitas pengaturan terdapat di windows explorer. Contoh fasilitas pengaturan,
yaitu pembuatan folder dan penggantian nama file. Berikut adalah hal-hal yang
harus anda ketahui dalam mengatur file ( manajemen file).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Manajemen
file dalam sistem operasi keluaran Microsoft Windows dapat dilakukan dengan
memanfaatkan fungsi dan fasilitas yang ada pada program aplikasi <em>file
manager</em> Windows Explorer (lihat gambar 3.11). Aplikasi tersebut berfungsi
untuk mengelola file dan folder, seperti menyalin file menjadi dua atau lebih
salinan, menghapus atau memindahkan file atau folder ke tempat lain, seperti ke
dalam disket atau folder lainnya.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Penggunaan
menu dan operasi-operasi file pada Windows Explorer dan Konqueror ini relatif
mudah digunakan dan sederhana. Umumnya, Windows Explorer dieksekusi lewat:
Start Menu | Program | Accessories | Windows Explorer. Atau cara cepatnya
dengan klik kanan pada Start Menu, kemudian pilih Explorer. Sedangkan untuk
mengelola file dengan Konqueror, jika kita mengklik suatu direktori/folder,
akan muncul dengan sendirinya, misal: direktori <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span><em>Home</em><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>, klik menu
utama | Home.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menu.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Menu adalah sekelompok perintah yang digunakan pada saat
penggunaan suatu aplikasi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menu berisi
kumpulan fungsi yang ada pada tampilan <em>graphical user interface </em>(GUI).
Dengan menu akan memudahkan melakukan operasi pada objek file maupun folder.
Contoh menu yang ada pada Windows Explorer yaitu: <em>File, Edit, View, Go,
Favorites, Tool, Help</em>. Sedangkan pada Konqueror: <em>Location, Edit, View,
Go, Bookmark, Tools, Settings, Windows, Help.</em> Apabila salah satu menu
tersebut di-klik, akan keluar (<em>pull-down</em>) item-item menu lainnya yang
menunjukkan fungsi lebih spesifik, seperti pada menu <em>Edit</em>, terdapat
menu item: <em>undo, cut, copy, paste, select All</em>, dan lainnya.
Sebenarnya, menu-menu yang mempermudah dalam pengelolaan ataupun perubahan file
tidak hanya terdapat pada <em>File Manager</em> saja, Aplikasi seperti Internet
Explorer, Microsoft Word serta aplikasi office lainnya banyak memanfaatkan
kemudahan menu tersebut.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3 macam menu, yaitu :</div>
<div style="margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menu cascading/hierarchical.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada menu cascading/hierarchical, menu primr dan menu
sekunder muncul secara berdampingan.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menu pop-up.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Menu pop-up muncul apabila anda mengklik tombol kanan mouse
di area layar komputer anda.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menu pull-down.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Menu pull-down merupakan menu yang muncul dari atas ke
bawah.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Folder.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<em>Folder</em> ialah tempat disimpannya satu atau lebih
file komputer. Dalam bahasa Inggris, folder artinya map, file sebagai berkas
yang ada dalam map tersebut. Dengan adanya folder dengan diberi nama tertentu
yang berisi sekumpulan file diharapkan pengelolaan penyimpanan data komputer
dapat lebih teratur, rapi, tidak berceceran, dan mudah dicari.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Anda dapat membuat folder pada Windows Explorer. Caranya, dengan
memilih menu File>New>folder.</span></em></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
File ialah elemen data pada penyimpanan sistem file. Dalam
konteks sistem komputer, file merupakan sebuah arsip / catatan / berkas yang
disimpan dalam format digital. Karakteristik file antara lain:</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disimpan dalam bentuk besaran bytes (besaran
pada penyimpanan data digital.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memiliki kapasitas terbatas.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Disimpan dalam sistem penyimpanan yang tidak
mudah hilang (permanen), tidak ikut hilang saat komputer dimatikan.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tersimpan dalam sebuah direktori (ruang/space
pada sistem penyimpanan komputer).</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memiliki nama. Nama file tersebut dapat
dilibatkan saat melakukan operasi file, seperti perintah operasi delete file
pada DOS prompt> c:\delete test.txt. Dalam hal ini, test.txt merupakan nama
file.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Drag and Drop.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<em><b>Drag and Drop</b></em>, ialah memindahkan
file/folder pada layar monitor dengan memilih file/folder tersebut kemudian
menekan terus tombol mouse selama mouse tersebut digerakkan sampai pada posisi
file/folder tersebut akan disimpan. Contoh, saat memindahkan ikon dari satu
posisi ke posisi lain pada desktop; dan memindahkan file ke folder lain pada
Windows Explorer.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Tombol mouse yang ditekan terus tersebut bisa tombol kiri
maupun kanan. Bedanya, jika tombol kanan yang ditekan, saat melepas tombol
tersebut akan muncul pilihan apakah file/folder tersebut akan dikopi, dipindah,
buat shortcut baru, atau cancel untuk membatalkan proses. Sedang jika tombol
kiri hanya memindahkan atau mengkopi file/folder dari posisi (<em>path</em>)
lama ke posisi baru.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Berikut ini contoh copy file dengan cara <em>drag and
drop:</em></div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Klik file yang akan di copy.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kemudian tahan klik tersebut dengan mouse klik
kiri.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sambil menahan klik tersebut, arahkan kursor
mouse ke tempat tujuan untuk mengcopy dan lepaskan klik tersebut di tempat
tujuan copy.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hati-hati dalam mengcopy dengan cara ini, sebab
jika menarik langsung dalam satu kolom maka file tersebut akan pindah dan bukan
copy.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tipe File.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Tipe data file pada komputer dapat berbeda-beda sesuai
dengan kebutuhan dan peruntukannya. Tipe data file tersebut antara lain berupa
file <em>image</em> (gambar), <em>audio/audio-video</em> (suara dan gambar
hidup/film), <em>text</em>, file program, dan sebagainya.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Dalam penulisan nama file, perbedaan tipe data tersebut
dibedakan pada penamaan ekstensi dari nama file yang bersangkutan. Dengan
adanya ekstensi, sebuah file dibaca oleh OS (misal Windows) serta diasosiasikan
dengan program yang sesuai. Ekstensi sebuah file ditunjukkan dengan 3 digit
abjad atau angka dibelakang nama file yang dipisahkan dengan sebuah tanda
titik. Sebuah ekstensi file diberikan berdasarkan jenis file yang bersangkutan.
Misalnya untuk file program, ekstensinya adalah .exe, ekstensi file ini
merupakan singkatan dari jenis file yang bersangkutan, yaitu EXEcutable. Contoh
lainnya, nama file: <em>intro.mp3</em>, merupakan file dengan nama <em>intro</em>
dan ektensi .<em>mp3, </em>merupakan file audio dengan format mp3; <em>bab3.doc</em>
merupakan file dengan nama <em>bab3</em> dan ekstensi .<em>doc, </em>ekstensi
yang merupakan singkatan dari DOCument.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Program aplikasi yang diinstalasi pada suatu OS, baik
Windows, Linux ataupun OS lainnya, akan membaca dan mengolah file yang memiliki
ekstensi tertentu yang dikenalinya. File dengan ekstensi .doc dapat dibaca oleh
program aplikasi Ms. Word, file dengan ekstensi .mp3 dapat dibaca oleh aplikasi
mp3 player seperti winAmp. Dan sebaliknya pula, file .mp3 tidak dapat dibaca
(sulit dikenali) oleh Ms. Word, begitu pula file .doc tidak dapat dibaca oleh
winAmp.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Berikut contoh-contoh tipe ( extension file ), yaitu :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Extension</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aplikasi yang
digunakan</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Bat</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Teks</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Microsoft Word, Notepad, WordPad, Edit ( pada DOS prompt</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
bmp </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Image ( gambar )</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Berbagai image editor, seperti Photoshop, PhotoPaint, Paint,
CorelDRAW</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
doc </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Document Microsoft Word</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Microsoft Word, Open Office Writer.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Exe</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aplikasi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Merupakan file aplikasi yang dapat berdiri sendiri.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
html, shtml </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Internet Document</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla
firefox, opera.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
gif </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Image, animasi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Berbagai image editor, sedangkan untuk membuat animasinya
digunakan Ulead GIF Animator, GIF Construction Set.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ico</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
File icon</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Microangelo</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
jpg/jpeg</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Image</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Berbagai image editor, seperti Photoshop, PhotoPaint, Paint,
CorelDRAW</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
mp3, wav</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Audio</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
WinAmp, Jet audio, Windows Media Player.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Txt</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Teks</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Berbagai teks editor, seperti notepad, WordPad</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.25pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Zip</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.35pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
File kompresi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
WinZip, WinRar, 7Zip</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengoperasikan File</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengganti
nama file.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk mengganti nama file pada
Windows Explorer, klik file yang akan diubah namanya, kemudia pilih menu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">File > Rename</b>. Selanjutnya ketik
nama file baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Membuka
file.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk membuka file, dapat
dilakukan dengan cara mengklik dua kali file tersebut di Windows Explorer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengcopy
file.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengcopy
file dapat dilakukan dengan cara :</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>drag and drop (telah dibahas sebelumnya).</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>klik kanan pada file yang akan dicopy, kemudian
pilih <em>copy</em>. Setelah itu klik kanan pada folder tempat akan disimpannya
file tersebut kemudian pilih <em>paste</em>.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Klik file yang akan di copy | Klik menu edit |
Pindahkan kursor ke folder yang dituju | kemudian klik edit menu |pilih paste.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Klik file yang akan di copy | klik tombol copy
pada toolbar di atas | Pindahkan kursor ke folder yang dituju | klik tombol
paste pada toolbar.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada prinsipnya, copy file dari harddisk ke disket atau
sebaliknya sama saja dengan copy file ke CD. Namun untuk copy file ke CD
terdapat sedikit perbedaan yaitu terdapat satu tambahan proses yang biasa
disebut burn atau write CD. Adapun tahapan copy data ke CD, antara lain:</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Buka program aplikasi burning CD, seperti Nero,
atau untuk Windows XP dapat dilakukan langsung di Windows Explorer.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Copy data ke drive CD yang telah tersedia.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Burn CD, dengan cara memilih pada menu yang ada
pada Aplikasi burning CD (misal Nero) atau pilih <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span><em>write
file to CD</em><em><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>
</em>bila melakukan copy data pada Windows Explorer XP.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Proses pengcopyan file dengan menggunakan sistem operasi
DOS maupun Windows. Berikut cara pengcopyan file pada setiap sistem operasi
tersebut :</div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menggunakan DOS.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Jika anda mengcopy file dengan menggunakan sistem operasi
Microsoft DOS, ketiklah masukan berikut C:\> copy C:\dataku\heri.doc A:\.
Masukan tersebut artinya menyalin file heri.doc dari direktori dataku yang
berada di drive C ke disket yang berada di drive A.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menggunakan Windows Explorer.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Klik <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">file </b>atau <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">folder </b>yang akan disalin. Pilih menu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edit > Copy</b>. Selanjutnya, pindah ke
direktori tujuan dan klik <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edit >
Paste.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghapus file.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<em><b>Menghapus
file atau folder, </b></em>dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara sebagai
berikut:</div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pilih folder/file yang akan dihapus, kemudian
tekan tombol delete pada keyboard, tekan <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>yes<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span> jika ada
konfirmasi untuk penghapusan file.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pilih folder/file yang akan dihapus, kemudian
klik delete pada toolbar (tombol di atas), jika ada konfirmasi maka tekan <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>yes<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pilih folder yang akan di hapus, kemudian pilih
menu file dan pilih delete, jika ada konfirmasi maka klik <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>yes<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pilih folder/file yang akan dihapus, kemudian
klik kanan, pilih delete, jika ada konfirmasi maka klik <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>yes<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengembalikan file yang terhapus.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Untuk
mengembalikan file yang terhapus atau tidak sengaja terhapus, dapat dilakukan
dengan cara menggunakan fasilitas <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>recycle
bin<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>. Fasilitas
ini untuk menampung sementara file-file yang belum lama terhapus, namun tidak
semua file yang terhapus dapat dikembalikan seperti semula. Jika kapasitas disk
penuh atau file tersebut telah benar-benar terhapus maka file tersebut tidak
dapat dikembalikan seperti semula</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Adapun
caranya adalah sebagai berikut</div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tutup semua aplikasi yang sedang berjalan.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Double Klik <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span>recycle
bin<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">�</span> pada icon-icon
yang berada di desktop.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cari file yang telah terhapus dan yang akan
dikembalikan.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Klik kanan pada nama file atau folder tersebut,
kemudian klik restore, maka file yang terhapus tadi telah kembali ke tempat
semula.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memformat Hard Disk atau Flash Disk.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Memformat hard disk atau flash disk adalah membuat tempat
penyimpanan data baru dengan menghapus seluruh data lama. Dengan memformat hard
disk atau flash disk, seluruh data yang ada pada disket akan hilang. Untuk
memformat hard disk, klik drive yang akan di format. Pada Windows Explorer,
kemudian klik kanan drives tersebut pilih format. Contoh : melakukan format
pada drive a: yaitu floppy disk. Adapun tahapan yang dapat dilakukan ialah:</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Masukkan disket tersebut ke dalam Floppy Disk.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Klik mouse pointer pada drive A:\</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Klik kanan pada mouse kemudian akan muncul menu
dan klik <em><b>Format</b></em></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pilih format type full untuk diisk baru, atau
quick untuk menghapus saja.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Masukkan label dengan nama sesuai kehendak</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Klik start dan tunggu beberapa saat sampai
proses format selesai</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kemudian Klik OK dan disket telah siap digunakan
untuk diisi dengan data baru sesuai kehendak</div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Klik <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quick Format </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada kotak dialog tersebut agar proses format
dapat dilakukan dengan cepat. Klik <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Start</b>
untuk melaksanakan proses format. Setelah selesai, klik <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Close</b> untuk menutup kotak dialog.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-31711994443171981202012-08-21T00:24:00.003-07:002014-05-17T23:07:14.741-07:00SISTEM EKONOMI "TRADISIONAL"<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
EKONOMI TRADISIONAL</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Sistem Ekonomi Tradisional.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem ekonomi tradisional adalah sistem ekonomi
yang dijalankan secara bersama untuk kepentingan bersama (demokratis), sesuai
dengan tata cara yang biasa ditempuh oleh nenek moyang sebelumnya, dimana
kegiatan ekonominya masih sangat sederhana yang diterapkan oleh masyarakat
secara turun-temurun dengan hanya mengandalkan alam dan tenaga kerja. Dalam
sistem ini segala barang dan jasa yang diperlukan, dipenuhi sendiri oleh
masyarakat itu sendiri. Dalam sistem ekonomi tradisional, tugas pemerintah
hanya terbatas memberikan perlindungan dalam bentuk pertahanan dan menjaga
ketertiban umum. dengan kata lain, kegiatan ekonomi yaitu masalah apa dan
berapa, bagaimana, dan untuk siapa barang diproduksi semuanya diatur oleh
masyarakat. Pada umumnya, sistem perekonomian ini berlaku pada Negara-negara
yang belum maju dan mulai tertinggal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-Ciri
Sistem Ekonomi Tradisional.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri
sistem ekonomi tradisional adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik
produksi dipelajari secara turun-temurun dan bersifat sederhana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya
sedikit menggunakan modal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertukaran
dilakukan dengan sistem barter (barang ditukar dengan barang)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belum
mengenal pembagian kerja (spesialisasi) dalam masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masih
terikat tradisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah
sebagai tumpuan kegiatan produksi dan sumber kemakmuran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis
produksi disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehidupan
masyarakat bersifat kekeluargaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
dan Kelemahan Sistem Ekonomi Tradisional.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan sistem ekonomi tradisional :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
sistem ekonomi tradisional tidak terdapat persaingan yang tidak sehat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat
merasa sangat aman, karena tidak ada beban berat yang harus dipikul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
perekonomian ini dilaksanakan berdasarkan atas kepentingan bersama, maka masing-masing
individu tidak mengutamakan kepentingan pribadi yang artinya tidak
individualistis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
masing-masing individu sangat erat karena besarnya sikap tenggang rasa dan
berbagi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehidupan
ekonomi masyarakat cenderung stabil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan sistem ekonomi tradisional :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi
yang digunakan masih sangat sederhana, sehingga produktivitasnya rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutu
barang hasil produksi masih rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikarenakan
sistem ini masih menggunakan sistem barter, maka masyarakat hanya fokus pada
pemenuhan kebutuhan primer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganggap
tabu perubahan sehingga sulit berkembang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
memperhatikan efisiensi dalam mengalokasikan sumber daya ekonomi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan
ekonomi hanya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bukan meningkatkan taraf hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara
yang Menganut Sistem Ekonomi Tradisional.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat ini sudah tidak ada lagi Negara yang menganut
sistem ekonomi tradisional. Namun di beberapa daerah terpencil, seperti suku
badui dalam dan yang lainnya, sistem ini masih digunakan dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, dapat disimpulkan
bahwa sistem ekonomi tradisional adalah sistem perekonomian yang masih
menggunakan teknologi sederhana dalam upaya pemenuhan kebutuhannya. Dalam
sistem ekonomi tradisional dikenal istilah barter dalam memenuhi kebutuhan
masyarakat. Masyarakat yang menganut sistem perekonomian tradisional ini lenih
mengutamakan kepentingan bersama daripada kepentingan pribadi sehingga tidak
individualistis. Kegiatan ekonomi pada sistem ekonomi tradisional ditujukan
hanya untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan primer bukan meningkatkan taraf hidup. Sistem
ekonomi tradisional ini biasanya sulit berkembang.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13032441180528673675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4399187179012095732.post-39734078960589815162012-08-21T00:22:00.000-07:002014-05-17T23:07:31.517-07:00BANK SENTRAL DAN LEMBAGA KEUANGAN BUKAN BANK<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BANK SENTRAL DAN LEMBAGA KEUANGAN BUKAN BANK</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian
Bank.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
bank berasal dari bahasa Italia, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">banca
</i>( meja ) yang biasa digunakan oleh para penukar uang di pasar. Secara umum
bank didefinisikan sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">suatu lembaga
keuangan yang merupakan tempat penitipan atau penyimpanan uang, pemberi atau
penyalur kredit, dan juga perantara di dalam lalu lintas pembayaran</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun
beberapa pengertian bank menurut para ahli adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut Prof.
G.M. Verryn Stuart.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank adalah
suatu badan yang bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kredit, baik dengan
alat-alat pembayarannya sendiri maupun dengan uang yang diperoleh dari orang
lain dengan jalan menerbitkan alat-alat penukar baru berupa uang giral.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut Pierson.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank adalah
badan yang menerima kredit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut Somary.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank adalah badan
yang aktif memberikan kredit kepada nasabah, baik kredit jangka pendek,
menengah, maupun panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut UU No.
10 Tahun 1998</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank adalah
badan usaha yang menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan dan
mengeluarkannya kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk kredit atau bentuk-bentuk
lainnya dalam rangka meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut UU No. 7
Tahun 1992</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank adalah
badan usaha yang menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan dan
menyalurkannya kepada masyarakat dengan tujuan meningkatkan taraf hidup rakyat
banyak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi
Bank.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi Utama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai
penghimpun dana dari masyarakat ( Kredit Pasif )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai penyalur
dana/memberi kredit ( Kredit Aktif )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi Umum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menerima
simpanan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memberikan
kredit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tempat penukaran
uang asing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ikut serta
mengatur peredaran uang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjaga
kestabilan nilai uang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jenis-Jenis
Bank.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
fungsinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank sentral,
yaitu bank yang memiliki otoritas penuh dalam mengendalikan kegiatan moneter di
suatu negara. Bank sentral disebut sebagai banknya para bank ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the banker’s of bank </i>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank umum, yaitu
bank yang dapat memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas pembayaran.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank Perkreditan
Rakyat ( BPR ), yaitu bank yang menerima simpanan hanya dalam bentuk deposito
berjangka, tabungan dan bentuk lainnya yang dipersamakan dengan itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut dasar
beroperasinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank
konvensional, yaitu bank yang dalam melaksanakan kegiatannya hanya berdasarkan
pada kesepakatan-kesepakatan umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank Syariah,
yaitu bank yang dalam melaksanakan kegiatannya didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip
Islam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
kepemilikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank BUMN, yaitu
bank yang seluruh atau sebagian besar sahamnya dimiliki oleh pemerintah.
Contohnya, BNI, BRI, BTN, dan Bank Mandiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank Pemerintah
Daerah, yaitu bank-bank yang dimiliki oleh pemerintah daerah, berupa bank-bank
Pembangunan Daerah ( BPD ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank Swasta
Nasional, yaitu bank dimana berbadan hukum Indonesia yang sebagian atau seluruh
modalnya dimiliki oleh warga negara Indonesia dan atau badan hukum Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank Asing,
yaitu bank yang berbadan hukum asing yang beroperasi di Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank
Sentral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian
Bank Sentral.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank
sentral adalah bank yang memiliki otoritas penuh dalam mengendalikan kegiatan
moneter di suatu negara. Bank sentral disebut sebagai banknya para bank ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the banker’s of bank </i>). Bank sentral merupakan
pelaksana kebijakan moneter yang ditetapkan pemerintah. Bank sentral merupakan
lembaga yang ditugasi pemerintah dalam pengendalian dan pengawasan kegiatan
perbankan. Bank ini mempunyai peran yang amat vital bagi perekonomian suatu
negara Karena kemampuannya dalam menciptakan dan mengendalikan uang,
kebijakannya yang dapat mempengaruhi pasar dan pada akhirnya mempengaruhi
perekonomian suatu negara. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank
sentral di Indonesia diatur dalam UU No. 3 Tahun 2004 perubahan atas UU No. 23
Tahun 1999 tentang Bank Indonesia. Bank Sentral di Indonesia adalah Bank
Indonesia ( BI ). Bank Indonesia dipimpin oleh dewan gubernur. Dewan gubernur
terdiri atas gubernur, deputi gubernur senior, dan deputi gubernur. Menurut UU
No. 3 Tahun 2004, Bank Sentral mempunyai status tersendiri dan tidak dapat
dipersamakan dengan bentuk bank lain. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank
Indonesia memiliki hak tunggal untuk mengeluarkan uang kartal ( uang kertas dan
uang logam ) yang merupakan alat pembayaran yang sah di Indonesia. Pada Pasal 7
UU RI No. 3 Tahun 2004, disebutkan bahwa tujuan Bank Indonesia adalah mencapai
dan memelihara kestabilan nilai rupiah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi
Bank Sentral.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi umum bank
sentral adalah sebagai bank sirkulasi dan sebagai induk dari bank-bank lain ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the banker’s of bank </i>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tugas
Bank Sentral.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menetapkan dan
Melaksanakan Kebijakan Moneter.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
dasarnya, kebijakan moneter merupakan kebijakan pengendalian jumlah uang yang
beredar agar sesuai dengan jumlah yang dibutuhkan dalam sistem perekonomian.
Bila uang terkendali, diharapkan akan tercapai tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi
tanpa menyebabkan inflasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Agar
pengendalian moneter ini bisa berjalan efektif, Bank Indonesia mempunyai fungsi
sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the lender of the last resort </i>yang
memungkinkan Bank Indonesia membantu kesulitan pendanaan jangka pendek yang
dihadapi berbagai bank. Agar kredit itu tidak disalahgunakan, maka pemberian
kredit itu dibatasi selama 90 hari dan dijamin dengan surat berharga yang
berkualitas tinggi dan mudah dicairkan, sehingga kalau kredit itu tidak
dilunasi, BI bisa mencairkan jaminan tersebut. Adapun usaha-usaha yang
dilakukan oleh BI dalam Menetapkan dan Melaksanakan Kebijakan Moneter adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menetapkan
sasaran moneter dengan memperhatikan sasaran moneter yang ditetapkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lender
Of The Last Resort.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melaksanakan
kebijakan nilai tukar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengadakan
survey guna memperoleh data ekonomi dan keuangan secara tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melaksanakan
operasi pasar terbuka di pasar uang, baik rupiah maupun valuta asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penetapan
tingkat diskonto.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penetapan
cadangan wajib minimum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengaturan
kredit dan pembiayaan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengatur dan
Menjaga Kelancaran Sistem Pembayaran.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
rangka Mengatur dan Menjaga Kelancaran Sistem Pembayaran, Bank Indonesia
melakukan usaha-usaha seperti berikut ini :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melaksanakan
dan memberikan persetujuan dan izin atas penyelenggaraan jasa sistem
pembayaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mewajibkan
penyelenggara jasa sistem pembayaran untuk menyampaikan laporan kegiatannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menetapkan
penggunaan alat pembayaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengatur
dan menyelenggarakan wiring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengeluarkan
dan mengedarkan uang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menerima
penukaran uang yang cacat atau rusak sebagian dengan nilai yang sama.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengatur dan
Mengawasi Bank.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Agar
kegiatan perbankan di Indonesia berjalan dengan baik, Bank Indonesia menetapkan
peraturan, memberikan dan mencabut izin atas kelembagaan dan keiatan usaha
tertentu dari bank. Selain itu, Bank Indonesia melaksanakan pengawasan bank
serta mengenakan sanksi terhadap bank sesuai dengan ketentuan
perundang-undangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain
ketiga tugas pokok di atas, Bank Indonesia juga mempunyai tugas-tugas lain
seperti :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam Bidang
Perbankan dan Perkreditan, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tugas Bank Indonesia antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 91.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memajukan
perkembangan yang sehat dari urusan kredit dan perbankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 91.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengadakan
pengawasan terhadap urusan kredit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 91.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membina
perbankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 91.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meminta
laporan dan mengadakan pemeriksaan aktovitas bank-bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 73.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam Bidang Hubungan
Keuangan dengan Pemerintah, </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tugas Bank Indonesia antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 91.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bertindak
sebagai pemegang kas pemerintah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 91.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyelenggarakan
pemindahan uang untuk pemerintah di seluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Produk-Produk
Bank Sentral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Uang
kartal ( uang kertas dan uang logam ) yang merupakan alat pembayaran yang sah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Uang
giral, seperti cek, giro, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jasa,
misalnya memberikan kredit kepada bank-bank lain di Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lembaga
Keuangan Bukan Bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian
Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lembaga
Keuangan Bukan Bank adalah badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan di bidang
keuangan yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung menghimpun dana dari
masyarakat dengan mengeluarkan surat-surat berharga dan menyalurkannya kembali
kepada masyarakat untuk membayar investasi. Semua kegiatan Lembaga Keuangan
Bukan Bank diatur dalam UU No. 10 Tahun 1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi
Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi
dari Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mendorong
berkembangnya pasar modal dan pasar uang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membantu
permodalan perusahaan-perusahaan, terutama ditujukan pada perusahaan yang
dimiliki oleh pengusaha golongan ekonomi lemah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jenis-Jenis
Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lembaga
Pembiayaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lembaga
pembiayaan adalah lembaga yang kegiatannya melakukan pembiayaan dalam bentuk
penyediaan dana atau barang modal dengan tidak menarik dana secara langsung
dari masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sewa guna usaha.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anjak piutang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembiayaan
konsumen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kartu kredit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Koperasi
Simpan Pinjam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Koperasi
simpan pinjam ialah koperasi yang usahanya menerima simpanan dan member pinjaman
kepada para anggotanya yang memerlukan dengan bungan yang relative ringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Modal
koperasi simpan pinjam berasal dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anggota.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Simpanan
pokok, yang boleh diminta kembali apabila anggota keluar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Simpanan
wajib, sejumlah uang tertentu yang dibayar secara teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Simpanan
penyertaan/sukarela, yang setiap saat dapat diambil sesuai ketentuan koperasi
yang bersangkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bukan
Anggota.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penanaman
modal perusahaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perorangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perum
Pegadaian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perum
pegadaian adalah perusahaan umum yang memberikan pinjaman kepada perorangan
yang besarnya sesuai dengan jaminan yang diserahkan. Jaminan berupa
barang-barang bergerak. Perum Pegadaian termasukBadan Usaha Milik Negara ( BUMN
) di bawah Departemen Keuangan. Tujuan utama lembaga ini adalah mencegah rakyat
kecil yang membutuhkan pinjaman jatuh ke tangan rentenir. Walaupun tingkat
bunga di pegadaian lebih tinggi dari tingkat bunga di bank, namun masih tetap
lebih rendah daripada bunga yang dikenakan oleh para pelepas uang setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
memberikan kreditnya, pegadaian tidak memperhatikan penggunaan uang tersebut.
Pinjaman boleh digunakan untuk usaha pertanian, perdagangan, industry rumah
tangga, dan bahkan keperluan konsumsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apabila
peminjam terlambat melunasi pinjamannya maka ia diberi peringatan dan diberi
kesempatan tiga minggu untuk melunasi pinjamannya. Jika ternyata tetap tidak
dapat melunasi, barulah barang jaminannya dilelang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perusahaan
Asuransi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perusahaan
asuransi adalah perusahaan jasa keuangan yang menghimpun dana dari masyarakat
melalui pengumpulan premi asuransi dengan menjanjikan akan member sejumlah uang
sebagai ganti rugi kepada pihak yang membayar premi apabila suatu peristiwa
yang merugikan pembayar premi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jenis-jenis
asuransi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asuransi
jiwa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asuransi
umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asuransi
kredit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asuransi melibatkan
unsur-unsur berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pihak
tertanggung, yaitu pihak yang mengasuransikan dan berkewajiban menbayar premi
asuransi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pihak
penanggung, yaitu pihak yang menerima premi asuransi yang akan menanggung dan
member ganti rugi jika terjadi resiko.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syarat-syarat
resiko yang dapat diasuransikan adalah :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerugiannya
cukup besar, teteapi kemungkinan terjadinya kecil sehingga asuransi terhadapnya
dapat dilakukan secara ekonomis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemungkinan
kerugian dapat diperhitungkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 110.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terdapat
sejumlah besar unit yang terbuka terhadap resiko yang sama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerugian
yang terjadi bersifat kebetulan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerugiannya
tertentu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebenarnya, lembaga asuransi mempunyai peranan
ganda, yaitu sebagai lembaga pelimpahan resiko dan sebagai lembaga penyerap
dana dari masyarakat. Contoh perusahaan asuransi adalah Asuransi Jiwasraya,
Asuransi Bumi Putera, Asuransi Sosial Tenaga Kerja, Asuransi Kesehatan
Indonesia ( ASKES ), dan Asuransi Kerugian Jasa Raharja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dana
Pensiun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sesuai
dengan peraturan kepegawaian, hak pegawai antara lain menerima gaji, cuti,
kenaikan pangkat, perawatan kesehatan, tunjangan, dan pensiun. Pensiun
merupakan jaminan pegawai di hari tua dan hal ini diatur dalam UU No. 8 Tahun
1974.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dana
pensiun adalah dana yang disediakan oleh pemerintah atau perusahaan untuk para
pegawai/karyawannya yang telah mencapai batas usia tertentu/purna tugas,
sebagai cadangan hari tuanya. Dana pensiun dihimpun oleh PT. Tabungan Asuransi
Pensiun ( PT. TASPEN ). Tujuan utama PT. TASPEN adalah untuk menambah dan
meningkatkan kesejahteraan Pegawai Negeri Sipil dan pegawai yang ditentukan
dalam perundang-undangan beserta keluarganya melalui asuransi sosial.
Penjelasan tentang PT. TASPEN dan kepengurusannya terdapat dalam PP No. 10
tahun 1963.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dana
pensiun diperoleh melalui pemotongan gaji pegawai setiap bulan selama seseorang
masih aktif bekerja, kemudian dibayarkan setelah pegawai tersebut pensiun. Dana
pensiun tersebut hanya diberikan oleh negara melalui APBN kepada Pegawai
Negeri. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah selalu menghimbau kepada
perusahaan-perusahaan untuk mendirikan lembaga sejenis. Ketentuan ini tertuang
dalam UU No.11 Tahun 1992 dan PP No. 76 Tahun 1992 tentang Dana Pensiun Pemberi
Kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lembaga
dana pensiun merupakan suatu lembaga yang mengumpulkan dana dari perusahaan
atau yayasan sebagai jaminan hari tua bagi karyawan perusahaan, yayasan atau
pegawai negeri. Biasanya pengumpulan dananya dilakukan dengan cara memotong
gaji karyawannya. Salah satu lembaga keuangan bukan bank seperti ini adalah
ASTEK ( JAMSOSTEK ). Bagi pegawai negeri mempunyai lembaga keuangan sebagai
dana pensiun, yaitu TASPEN.</span></div>
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